Comparison 1. Restrictive versus goal‐directed fluid therapy.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Major complications	5	484	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.61 [0.78, 3.34]
2 All‐cause mortality	6	544	Risk Difference (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.03 [0.00, 0.06]
3 Peto OR all‐cause mortality	6	544	Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)	4.81 [1.38, 16.84]
4 Length of hospital stay	5	464	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.55, 0.50]
5 Surgery‐related complications	4	364	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.54 [0.87, 2.72]
6 Non‐surgery‐related complications	1	74	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.0 [0.52, 1.93]
7 Renal failure	4	410	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.38 [0.57, 3.36]