Table 3. Mean bee mortality ± SE (%) and mean feed intake ± SE (mg of syrup/bee over 16 days) of N. ceranae-infected honey bees fed different compounds.
No significant differences were found between treatments for bee mortality or feed intake using an ANOVA (α = 0.05).
| Treatment | Mean bee mortality (%)1 | Mean feed intake (mg of syrup/bee over 16 days) |
|---|---|---|
| Positive control | 7.12 ± 4.79 | 591.2 ± 40.19 |
| Negative control | 4.27 ± 4.27 | 554.9 ± 49.53 |
| Fumagillin | 18.5 ± 9.24 | 389.6 ± 77.95 |
| Sulforaphane | 23.2 ± 7.55 | 403.9 ± 33.70 |
| Carvacrol | 13.6 ± 1.83 | 503.9 ± 35.37 |
| Naringenin | 9.34 ± 4.60 | 548.0 ± 10.58 |
| Tetrahydrocurcumin | 15.7 ± 8.14 | 536.7 ± 31.39 |
| Thymol | 12.8 ± 5.57 | 425.2 ± 34.02 |
| Oregano oil | 15.7 ± 4.13 | 450.8 ± 48.84 |
| Embelin | 7.69 ± 5.13 | 565.4 ± 72.42 |
| Allyl sulfide | 13.0 ± 6.13 | 566.1 ± 45.13 |
| Chitosan | 12.2 ± 6.17 | 548.4 ± 48.08 |
| Poly I:C | 9.36 ± 2.17 | 513.0 ± 54.44 |
| Hydroxytyrosol | 9.83 ± 1.94 | 512.52 |
| cinnamaldehyde | 7.64 ± 5.28 | 585.1 ± 95.75 |
1 Bees that died within 2 dpi were excluded from the mortality calculations.
2 Not an average as feeder weights were lost (feeders leaked out completely); as it is not an average, no standard error could be calculated; value is from replicate 3.