Table 1. Characteristics of women (N = 452).
| Maternal glycemiaa | p-valueb | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Non-GDM (n = 404) | GDM (n = 48) | ||
| Age (years) | |||
| • < 35 | 340 (84.2) | 39 (81.3) | 0.61 |
| • ≥ 35 | 64 (15.8) | 9 (18.7) | |
| Mean ± SD | 30.04 ± 4.50 | 29.80 ± 4.39 | 0.73 |
| Ethnicity | |||
| • Malay | 359 (88.9) | 43 (89.6) | 0.88 |
| • Non-Malay | 45 (11.1) | 5 (10.4) | |
| Education level (years) | |||
| • Secondary and lower | 188 (46.6) | 20 (41.7) | 0.57 |
| • STPM/ Matriculation/ Diploma/ Certificatec | 133 (32.9) | 15 (31.3) | |
| • Tertiary and above | 83 (20.5) | 13 (27.0) | |
| Mean ± SD | 12.93 ± 3.53 | 13.21 ± 2.70 | 0.45 |
| Occupation status | |||
| • Unemployed | 127 (31.4) | 15 (31.3) | 0.98 |
| • Employed | 277 (68.6) | 33 (68.7) | |
| Monthly household income (RM)d | |||
| • Low (< 3860) | 256 (63.4) | 28 (58.3) | 0.08 |
| • Middle (3860–8319) | 138 (34.1) | 16 (33.3) | |
| • High (≥ 8320) | 10 (2.5) | 4 (8.4) | |
| Mean ± SD | 3683.63 ± 2015.56 | 4089.58 ± 2319.50 | 0.20 |
| Parity | |||
| • Nulliparous | 145 (35.8) | 15 (31.3) | 0.73 |
| • Primiparous | 121 (30.0) | 14 (29.2) | |
| • Multiparous | 138 (34.2) | 19 (39.5) | |
| Medical history | |||
| • GDM | 23 (5.7) | 8 (16.7) | 0.01* |
| Family history | |||
| • Diabetes mellitus | 93 (23.0) | 18 (37.5) | 0.03* |
| Height (m) | |||
| • < 1.55 | 150 (37.2) | 22 (45.8) | 0.33 |
| • 1.55–1.58 | 123 (30.4) | 10 (20.8) | |
| • ≥ 1.59 | 131 (32.4) | 16 (33.4) | |
| Mean ± SD | 1.56 ± 0.06 | 1.56 ± 0.06 | 0.34 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 23.64 ± 4.81 | 24.45 ± 4.75 | 0.27 |
| • Underweight (< 18.5) | 44 (10.9) | 4 (8.3) | 0.47 |
| • Normal (18.5–24.9) | 227 (56.2) | 23 (47.9) | |
| • Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 88 (21.8) | 15 (31.3) | |
| • Obese (≥ 30.0) | 45 (11.1) | 6 (12.5) | |
Note.
aGDM was classified according to Ministry of Health Malaysia criteria as either or both FPG ≥ 5.6 mmol/l or 2-hour plasma glucose ≥ 7.8 mmol/l.
bp-value for differences between GDM and non-GDM groups were examined by independent t-test for continuous variables and chi-square for categorical variables.
cSTPM–Malaysian Higher School Certificate
dEconomic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s Department, 2014.
*p<0.05