Table 1.

Summary of AF Driver Mapping and Ablation Strategies

Mapping Technique	AF type mapped	Number of ablation targets	Atrial Location	Source Characterisation	Acute termination %	Freedom from AF at 12 months, with PVI
Focal Impulse and Rotor Mapping (FIRM)4,23,39	Paroxysmal, persistent and long standing persistent	3-5	LA 70% RA 30% PV 24%	Stable rotations 76% Focal sources 24%4	56% (60% to sinus)4 RA in 22%39	Meta-analysis: 72.5%12 Persistent AF RCT: 77.7% (FIRM+PVI subgroup)14
Endocardial phase19	Paroxysmal, persistent and long standing persistent	3-5	LA 66% RA 34% PV 40%	Stable rotations 100%	100% (83% to sinus)	Similar to FIRM
Body Surface, ECGI5,40,41	Persistent and long standing persistent	3-6	LA 70% RA 30% LPV/LAA 82%5 LA 53% RA 27% Septum 20%40	Re-entries 80% Focal breakthrough 20%5	80% (66% to AT)5 64% (79% to AT) (PVs 37%, LA 35%, RA in 28%)40	85%5 78%40
CartoFinder6,42–44	Persistent and long standing persistent	1-3	LA 63% RA 27% Non-PV 79%8	Rotational activity 70% Focal activations 30%42 Focal activations 100%44	63% (58% to AT)42 15% (all sinus)8	71%44 70%8
Spatiotemporal Dispersion10	Persistent AF	4-6	LA 80% RA 20% PV/LAA 80%	Regions of microreentry	95% (85% to AT)	85% without PVI (1.4 procedures, at 18 months)
Dominant Frequency45	Paroxysmal and persistent	3-4	LA 80% RA 20% PV>70%	High frequency sites	80-90% in HFSA arm	70% persistent
Charge/Dipole Density7,46	Persistent AF	2-3	RA not mapped LA anterior 70%	Localized irregular activity Localized rotational activity Focal activity	50-60%	73%46
Electrographic flow mapping47,48	Persistent AF	4-6	LA 70% RA 30% PV 40%	Rotational 51% Focal 49%	100% RA in 10%	Pending
Stochastic Trajectory Analysis of Ranked Signals (STAR)9	Persistent AF	2-3 (post PVI)	LA 95% RA 5%	Early sites of activation	29% (75% to AT)	80% (AT/AF at 18 months)