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. 2020 Jan 10;11:208. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-14104-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Recognition of nematode-derived ascr#18 activates pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in plants, similar to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) derived from other microbes. b Examples for ascarosides previously discovered in C. elegans and other nematode species. c LC-MS analysis of Arabidopsis roots treated with 1 µM ascr#18 for 24 h, showing extracted ion chromatograms [EIC] in ESI^- of ascr#18, ascr#10, ascr#1, and ascr#9. Peaks marked with an asterisk represent unrelated metabolites of similar m/z. d Accumulation of ascarosides in Arabidopsis, tomato, and wheat roots treated with 1 µM ascr#18 for 24 h. Abundances of ascarosides are shown as the peak area, as measured in LC-MS. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 5) (also see Supplementary Fig. 1). Source data are provided as a source data file.