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. 2020 Jan 10;10:112. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56846-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Representative confocal images (average of four Z projected slices) showing the locations of rhodopsin and melanopsin in two human sperm cells, revealed by immunocytochemical analysis. Rhodopsin and melanopsin are stained in green and red, respectively. See Methods for the antibodies used. Each column shows one of the cells at the following five configurations (from top to bottom): rhodopsin staining overlaid with the DIC image of the cell, rhodopsin staining, melanopsin staining overlaid with the DIC image of the cell, melanopsin staining, and both rhodopsin and melanopsin staining overlaid with the DIC image of the cell.