Table 1.

Categories and examples of pathways

Active norms and rules about behaviors in proximal social contexts Active norms on increasing sexual risk behavior Active norms on injectable drug behaviors Rules at multi-partnered sex events Active norms on increasing sexual risk behavior (of friends; close relatives; of gay friends (for MSM); of non-gay friends (for MSM)) Rules at group sex events Enforcement of norms at group sex events Sex rules at drug-using venues Drug use norms, rules and roles at drug-using venues Injection norms in the context of opiate withdrawal

Dependency on others Dependency on relatives Dependency on friends Dependency on service agencies Dependency on sex partners

Formal and informal group involvement Involvement with formal groups Involvement with informal groups Active Norms on participating in organizations or in groups’ activities

Dignity denial Dignity denial perpetrators Dignity denial characteristic targeting Reactions to dignity denial Witnessing dignity denial perpetrators Reactions to witnessing dignity denial

Social conflicts and reactions to them Witnessing verbal and physical attacks on others Witnessing defense of and assistance to others Intergenerational normative disjuncture (by age category)

Personal or cultural orientations about how to respond to difference, threats and opportunities Altruistic cultural orientation Altruistic actions: Frequency of helping others Solidarity cultural orientation Struggle cultural orientation Traditional cultural orientation Competitiveness cultural orientation Hostility cultural orientation Survival cultural orientation

Attitudes toward and perceptions of others’ attitudes toward male socio-sexual dominance and gay people Masculine socio-sexual dominance orientation (self) (ARH only) Perception of extent to which friends and family have masculine socio-sexual dominance orientation (ARH only) Perception of Community Involvement or Opposition to Gay Stigma (MSM only)