Table 4.
Summary list of measures together with the degree to which we judge them to have been shown to be reliable and valid for the at-risk heterosexual and MSM populations reported on here
| At-risk heterosexuals | Men who have sex with men | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reliability (α) | Validity | Reliability (α) | Validity | |
| Active norms and rules about behaviors in proximal social contexts | ||||
| • Active Norms on increasing sexual risk behavior | + | +! | (See below) | |
| • Active norms on increasing sexual risk behavior | ++ | This pattern is what we would expect | ||
| ◦ Of close relatives; | + | |||
| ◦ Of gay friends (for MSM); | + | |||
| ◦ Of non-gay friends (for MSM)) | No | |||
| ++ | ||||
| No | ||||
| • Active Norms on injectable drug behaviors | + | ++ | ?? | +! |
| • Rules at multi-partnered sex events | + | No | + | ++ |
| • Enforcement of norms at group sex events | .66 | Mixed evidence | + | No |
| • Sex rules at drug-using venues | ++ | + | ++ | No |
| Dependency on others | ||||
| • Dependency on relatives | + | +! | + | +!? |
| • Dependency on friends | ? | +! | + | +! |
| • Dependency on service agencies | + | +! | + | ++ |
| • Dependency on sex partners | ++ | ?? | ++ | +! |
| Formal and informal group involvement | ||||
| • Involvement with formal groups | INDEX | + | INDEX | No |
| • Involvement with informal groups | INDEX | No | INDEX | ? |
| • Active Norms on participating in organizations or in groups’ activities | +! | + | ?! | |
| Dignity denial | ||||
| • Dignity denial perpetrators | INDEX | +! | INDEX | +! |
| • Dignity denial characteristic targeting | INDEX | ?? | INDEX | +1 |
| • Reactions to dignity denial | ++ | ++ | + | + |
| • Witnessing dignity denial perpetrators | INDEX | +! | INDEX | ? |
| • Reactions to witnessing dignity denial | + | ?? | .68 | No |
| Social conflicts and reactions to them | ||||
| • Witnessing verbal and physical attacks on others | ++ | No | ++ | ++ |
| • Witnessing defense of and assistance to others | + | + | .69 | ? |
| • Intergenerational normative disjuncture (by age category) | + | No | ++ | ++ |
| • Younger adults | + | ++ | + | ++ |
| • Older adults | + | ? −0.13 | ++ | ++ |
| Personal or cultural orientations about how to respond to difference, threats and opportunities | ||||
| • Altruistic cultural orientation | ++ | ++ ! | + | ++ ! |
| • Altruistic actions: Frequency of helping others | ++ | ++ ! | + | ++ ! |
| • Solidarity cultural orientation | + | ++ | ++ | ++ |
| • Struggle cultural orientation | + | + | + | + |
| • Traditional cultural orientation | ++ | ++ ! | + | ? |
| • Competitiveness cultural orientation | + | No | ++ | + |
| • Hostility cultural orientation | ++ | + | ++ | + |
| • Survival cultural orientation | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
| Attitudes toward and perceptions of others’ attitudes toward male socio-sexual dominance and gays | ||||
| • Masculine socio-sexual dominance orientation (self) (ARH only) | ++ | + | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| • Perception of extent to which friends and family have masculine socio-sexual dominance orientation (ARH only) | ++ | + | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| • Perception of Community Involvement or Opposition to Gay Stigma (MSM only) | Not applicable | Not applicable | ++ | + |
On reliability, ≥ 0.70 is indicated by +; but ≥ .80 is indicated by ++. ? indicates less than 0.70 but ≥ 0.60
On validity, + is used for correlations of ≥ 0.20; and ++ for ≥ 0.30. The ! sign indicates a situation of multiple validators that reduces our confidence in the validation