Table 3.
Summary of outcomes, measures, data sources and data collection timing for Invested in Diabetes
| Outcome domain | Construct | Source | Metric/Measure | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient reach | Service acceptance | Tracking spreadsheet | Attendance at initial SMA session among all invited | Initial SMA session |
| Participation | Tracking spreadsheet | n/% and types of sessions attended | Monthly | |
| Interviews | Patient reasons for participation/non-participation | Within 3 weeks of last session | ||
| Characteristics of participants | EHR | Demographics (age, gender, insurance, race/ethnicity) and clinical status (co-morbidity index [40]; insulin dependence, mental illness) | Collected during routine care | |
| Patient-level effectiveness outcomes | Diabetes distress | Survey | DDS-17 | 1st and last SMA session |
| Autonomy support | Survey | Health Care Climate Questionnaire | 1st and last SMA session | |
| Perceived competence | Survey | Perceived Competence Scale | 1st and last SMA session | |
| Self-care behaviors | Survey | Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities [41] | 1st and last SMA session | |
| Health literacy (moderator) | Survey | Limited Health Literacy | 1st SMA session | |
| Clinical outcomes | EHR | HbA1c, blood pressure, BMI | Collected during routine care (per 3–6 months) | |
| Patient experience and out-of-pocket costs | Interviews | Interview guide | ≥ 3 weeks of last SMA session | |
| Practice-level effectiveness | Team-based care | Survey | Relational coordination survey [42] | Baseline, midpoint, end of implementation |
| Quality of care | Survey | Assessment of Chronic Illness Care [43] | Baseline, midpoint, end of implementation | |
| Practice-level adoption, implementation, maintenance | Intervention fidelity and adaptations | Tracking spreadsheet, observation | Fidelity and adaptations observation guide | 1 session observed per quarter per practice |
| Practice culture | Survey | Practice Culture Assessment | Baseline, midpoint, end of implementation | |
| Practice motivations for adoption, perceived value and sustainability SMAs | Qualitative Interviews | Interview guide | Baseline, midpoint, end of implementation | |
| Implementation cost of SMAs | Survey | Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing framework [44] | Baseline, midpoint, end of implementation |
BMI body mass index, DDS-17 Diabetes Distress Scale-17, EHR Electronic Health Record, SMA shared medical appointment