Table 1.
Demographic, infection, and admission characteristics comparing those had ARDS and those did not
| Characteristics | ARDS (n = 85) | No ARDS (n = 509) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at admission—year | 70 (62–80) | 72 (63–82) | 0.46 | |
| Male gender | 51 (60) | 289 (56.8) | 0.66 | |
| Admission source | Hospital wards and other hospitals | 28 (32.9) | 226 (44.5) | 0.12 |
| Emergency department | 52 (61.2) | 255 (50.2) | ||
| Intensive care unit | 5 (5.9) | 27 (5.3) | ||
| Body mass index—kg/m2 | 23.4 ± 4.82 | 23.4 ± 5.45 | 0.07 | |
| Coexisting conditions | Myocardial infarction | 5 (5.9) | 27 (5.3) | 0.80 |
| Congestive heart failure | 9 (10.6) | 53 (10.4) | 1.00 | |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 2 (2.4) | 10 (2) | 0.69 | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 7 (8.2) | 65 (12.8) | 0.31 | |
| Dementia | 4 (4.7) | 44 (8.6) | 0.28 | |
| COPD | 4 (4.7) | 25 (4.9) | 1.00 | |
| Connective tissue disease | 5 (5.9) | 32 (6.3) | 1.00 | |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 2 (2.4) | 17 (3.3) | 1.00 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 21 (24.7) | 121 (23.8) | 0.96 | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 5 (5.9) | 39 (7.7) | 0.66 | |
| Hemiplegia | 2 (2.4) | 20 (3.9) | 0.76 | |
| Malignancy (solid) | 6 (7.1) | 68 (13.4) | 0.15 | |
| Malignancy (blood) | 1 (1.2) | 9 (1.8) | 1.00 | |
| Metastatic tumor | 2 (2.4) | 15 (2.9) | 1.00 | |
| Mild liver disease | 3 (3.5) | 25 (4.9) | 0.78 | |
| Moderate to severe liver disease | 0 (0) | 15 (2.9) | 0.15 | |
| AIDS | 0 (0) | 1 (0.2) | 1.00 | |
| CCI w/o diabetes mellitus | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–2) | 0.004 | |
| Smoking | Never | 55 (66.3) | 275 (59.0) | 0.05 |
| Former | 24 (28.9) | 123 (26.4) | ||
| Current | 4 (4.8) | 68 (14.6) | ||
| Regular medication | Glucocorticoids | 9 (10.6) | 69 (13.6) | 0.56 |
| Immunosuppressants | 3 (3.5) | 21 (4.1) | 1.00 | |
| Anticoagulant | 13 (15.3) | 42 (8.3) | 0.04 | |
| Antiplatelet | 14 (16.5) | 87 (17.1) | 1.00 | |
| Statin | 5 (5.9) | 53 (10.4) | 0.24 | |
| Beta blocker | 5 (5.9) | 36 (7.1) | 0.82 | |
| Anticancer drug | 2 (2.4) | 15 (2.9) | 1.00 | |
| Antibiotics | 16 (18.8) | 70 (13.8) | 0.29 | |
| Site of infection | Abdomen | 32 (37.6) | 199 (39.1) | 0.25 |
| Urinary tract | 15 (17.6) | 132 (25.9) | ||
| Soft tissue | 17 (20.0) | 74 (14.5) | ||
| Other than abdomen, urinary tract, or soft tissue | 21 (24.7) | 104 (20.4) | ||
| Septic shock | 68 (80) | 336 (66) | 0.02 | |
| Respiratory rate—/min | 25 (22–32) | 24 (21–30) | 0.34 | |
| FiO2 | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 0.3 (0.25–0.4) | < 0.001 | |
| PaO2—mmHg | 83 (75–103) | 94 (78.6–112) | 0.05 | |
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio | 179 (119–240) | 284 (184–374) | < 0.001 | |
| Hematocrit—% | 33 (28–38) | 33 (29–39) | 0.38 | |
| Serum albumin—g/dL | 2.4 (2.0–2.8) | 2.6 (2.2–3.2) | 0.01 | |
| Blood pH | 7.36 (7.29–7.44) | 7.41 (7.34–7.47) | 0.003 | |
| Positive blood culture | 54 (63.5) | 303 (59.9) | 0.53 | |
| Pathogens (blood culture) | Gram positive coccus | 23 (27.1) | 116 (22.8) | 0.39 |
| Gram negative rod | 28 (32.9) | 167 (32.8) | 0.98 | |
| APACHE II score | 26 (21–33) | 21 (16–28) | < 0.001 | |
| Non-pulmonary SOFA score | 9 (7–11) | 7 (4–9) | < 0.001 |
Reported counts (proportions) for categorical variables and median (interquartile range) for continuous variables
ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome defined by Berlin criteria, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome, CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index, FiO2 fraction of inspiratory oxygen, PaO2 partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, APACHE II acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment
Definition of categorical variables: other than abdomen, urinary tract, or soft tissue = central nervous system, intravenous catheter, osteoarticular, endocardium, wound, implant device, and others; positive blood culture = culture without clinically confirmed contamination; Gram-positive coccus = Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus; Gram-negative rod = Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Burkholderia, Citrobacter, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, Legionella, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Salmonella, Serratia, Stenotrophomonas, and Vibrio
Missing data (due to missing data of each outcome measures): admission source = 1; body mass index = 9; smoking = 45; respiratory rate = 1; FiO2 = 14; PaO2 = 18; PaO2/FiO2 ratio = 19; serum albumin = 10; blood pH = 14; positive blood culture = 3; APACHE II score = 53; non-pulmonary SOFA score = 46