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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019 Aug 30;204:107458. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.029

Table 3.

Unadjusted associations between sociodemographic characteristics and nonmedical vs. medical use of prescription opioids (POs) and/or benzodiazepines (BZDs) among 2015–2016 NSDUH participants ages 18 and older (N = 33,493).

POs and BZDs (n = 6865)
 POs only (n = 24203)
 BZDs only (n = 3425)
Medical use N, %* Nonmedical vs. Medical use
 Medical use N, %* Nonmedical vs. Medical use
 Medical use N, %* Nonmedical vs. Medical use
OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI
Age (in years)
18-25 615, 31.53 Ref – 6198, 83.21 Ref – 593, 56.87 Ref –
26-34 792, 53.90 0.39 0.33-0.47 4375, 84.81 0.89 0.76-1.04 513, 78.72 0.36 0.28-0.46
35-49 1473, 73.67 0.16 0.14-0.20 5793, 88.72 0.57 0.50-0.65 833, 89.28 0.16 0.12-0.20
50-64 836, 82.25 0.10 0.08-0.13 2888, 92.48 0.40 0.34-0.48 446, 90.83 0.13 0.09-0.20
65 + 516, 90.76 0.05 0.03-0.07 2027, 97.26 0.14 0.10-0.19 358, 97.18 0.04 0.02-0.08
Sex
Women 2984, 75.92 Ref – 12458, 92.54 Ref – 1845, 89.40 Ref –
Men 1248, 24.08 2.01 1.73-2.32 8823, 87.93 1.70 1.52-1.91 898, 80.69 2.02 1.58-2.58
Race/ethnicity
Non-white/Hispanic 1022, 65.73 Ref – 8320, 89.47 Ref – 588, 80.87 Ref –
Non-Hispanic White 3210, 71.77 0.80 0.66-0.96 12961, 90.84 0.86 0.76-0.97 2155, 87.67 0.59 0.44-0.80
Marital status
Unmarried 2312, 61.80 Ref – 12022, 87.83 Ref – 1500, 78.97 Ref –
Married 1920, 81.22 0.40 0.34-0.47 9259, 92.69 0.57 0.51-0.64 1243, 93.57 0.26 0.18-0.37
Education
< High school 498, 69.79 Ref – 2776, 87.43 Ref – 242, 83.96 Ref –
High school 1090, 71.25 0.93 0.73-1.20 5828, 90.15 0.76 0.65-0.88 594, 88.42 0.69 0.41-1.16
Some college 1594, 70.42 0.97 0.82-1.29 7755, 90.35 0.74 0.62-0.90 933, 84.20 0.98 0.56-1.71
College graduate 1050, 74.04 0.81 0.94-1.62 4922, 92.07 0.60 0.49-0.74 974, 87.39 0.75 0.43-1.32
Employment
Full-time 1728, 66.16 Ref – 10778, 89.00 Ref – 1379, 84.47 Ref –
Part-time 579, 62.18 1.19 0.97-1.46 3175, 89.33 0.97 0.80-1.16 457, 82.99 1.16 0.83-1.50
Unemployed 209, 49.18 2.02 1.46-2.80 1284, 82.87 1.67 1.37-2.04 115, 78.53 1.49 0.89-2.49
Not in workforce 1716, 81.73 0.44 0.36-0.53 6044, 93.59 0.55 0.47-0.63 92, 90.73 0.56 0.38-0.81
*

Cell frequencies and proportions for participants reported using drugs for medical purpose; frequencies are unweighted and proportions are weighted to derive nationally representative estimates.