Table 1.
Characteristics of subjects
| Athletes | Healthy subjects | |
|---|---|---|
| Male/Female (n) | 27/16 | 17/8 |
| Age (years) | 19.7 ± 1.3 (20.0) 1 | 19.7 ± 1.1 (20.0) |
| Sports | ||
| Taekwondo (n, %) | 21 (49%) | – |
| Soccer (n, %) | 22 (51%) | – |
| Anthropometry | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.1 ± 2.1 (21.5) | 22.3 ± 2.6 (22.1) |
| Waist hip ratio | 0.79 ± 0.04 (0.79) | 0.79 ± 0.06 (0.78) |
| Activity (MET-minutes/week) | ||
| Total physical activity | 17,610.5 ± 7781.7 (16,800.0)* | 7351.7 ± 5643.2 (6178.0) |
| Moderate-intensity activity | 3384.3 ± 2390.5 (2880.0)* | 1443.2 ± 1682.9 (800.0) |
| Vigorous-intensity activity | 12,485.6 ± 5759.6 (12,480.0)* | 4345.6 ± 3606.0 (3600.0) |
| Time spent sitting (min/day) | 45.9 ± 34.8 (35.0)* | 349.1 ± 237.8 (325.7) |
| Lifestyle habits | ||
| Current smokers (n, %) | 4 (9%) | 6 (24%) |
| Current drinkers (n, %) | 3 (7%) | 3 (12%) |
| Hematology | ||
| Albumin (g/dL) | 49.9 ± 2.5 (50.0) | 50.5 ± 3.2 (51.0) |
| Total lymphocyte count (cell/mm3) | 2177.0 ± 638.8 (2052.8) | 2229.9 ± 635.5 (2163.4) |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 5.2 ± 1.0 (5.4)* | 4.6 ± 0.9 (4.6) |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 79.6 ± 17.7 (79.6) | 79.6 ± 17.7 (79.6) |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 103.7 ± 13.5 (103.4) | 102.0 ± 10.5 (104.2) |
| ALP (U/L) | 68.4 ± 27.3 (61.0)* | 81.1 ± 19.6 (81.0) |
| GOT (U/L) | 19.0 ± 5.3 (18.0) | 22.9 ± 9.5 (22.0) |
| GPT (U/L) | 15.3 ± 7.6 (13.0) | 20.2 ± 10.1 (21.0) |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 350.9 ± 71.4 (356.9) | 327.1 ± 77.3 (333.1) |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.4 ± 0.8 (4.2) | 4.4 ± 0.8 (4.4) |
| TG (mmol/L) | 0.74 ± 0.51 (0.62)* | 0.89 ± 0.44 (0.710) |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.5 ± 0.7 (2.3) | 2.6 ± 0.7 (2.4) |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.8 ± 0.4 (1.8)* | 1.6 ± 0.3 (1.6) |
| CPK (U/L) | 315.6 ± 239.5 (213.0) | 398.0 ± 573.2 (267.0) |
| LDH (U/L) | 200.3 ± 38.9 (193.0) | 210.2 ± 45.9 (211.0) |
1 mean ± SD (median). *p < 0.05. ALP, alkaline phosphatase; BMI body mass index; BUN blood urea nitrogen; CPK creatine phosphokinase; eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate; GOT glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; GPT glutamic pyruvic transaminase; HDL-C high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDH lactate dehydrogenase; LDL-C low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; MET metabolic equivalent; TC total cholesterol; TG triglyceride