Table 2.
Glucose parameters, oxidative stress, and antioxidant capacity of the subjects
| Athletes | Healthy subjects | |
|---|---|---|
| Glucose parameters | ||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.8 ± 0.4 (4.8) | 5.1 ± 0.6 (4.9) |
| HbA1C (%) | 5.5 ± 0.3 (5.5)* | 5.3 ± 0.3 (5.3) |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 47.9 ± 22.2 (41.0)* | 88.2 ± 97.7 (66.7) |
| HOMA-IR | 1.5 ± 0.8 (1.2)* | 2.9 ± 3.8 (2.0) |
| HOMA-β (%) | 106.6 ± 39.2 (98.6) | 172.1 ± 136.4 (138.6) |
| QUICKI | 0.37 ± 0.03 (0.37)* | 0.34 ± 0.03 (0.35) |
| Oxidative stress | ||
| Plasma MDA (μM) | 2.4 ± 0.4 (2.4) | 2.4 ± 0.4 (2.4) |
| Erythrocyte MDA (nmol/mg protein) | 3.8 ± 0.3 (3.8) | 3.8 ± 0.3 (3.8) |
| Antioxidant capacity | ||
| SOD (U/mg protein) | 28.6 ± 10.9 (27.9) | 27.9 ± 9.4 (26.9) |
| CAT (U/mg protein) | 36.2 ± 6.1 (35.6) | 34.4 ± 7.1 (35.2) |
| GPx (U/mg protein) | 22.7 ± 4.1 (22.8) | 21.1 ± 2.8 (20.9) |
| Serum TAC (mM Trolox) | 5.7 ± 0.3 (5.8)* | 5.4 ± 0.2 (5.4) |
| Erythrocyte TAC (mM Trolox) | 10.5 ± 0.6 (10.5)* | 10.0 ± 0.5 (10.0) |
1 mean ± SD (median). * p < 0.05. CAT, catalase; GPx glutathione peroxidase; HbA1C glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; HOMA-β homeostatic model assessment-β-cell function; MDA malondialdehyde; QUICKI quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; SOD superoxide dismutase; TAC total antioxidant capacity