Table 2.
Patient characteristics between real-world practice in Taiwan and cardiovascular outcome trials
| CANVAS programme | Canagliflozin new uses | ASMD | DECLARE-TIMI 58 trial | Dapagliflozin new uses | ASMD | EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial | Empagliflozin new uses | ASMD | |
| Patient number | 5795 | 1091 | 8582 | 4748 | 4687 | 5811 | |||
| Patient characteristics | |||||||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 63.2 (8.3) | 60.9 (11.6) | 0.22 | 63.9 (6.8) | 59.5 (11.9) | 0.45 | 63.1 (8.6) | 61.0 (12.1) | 0.2 |
| Female, % | 35.1 | 39.3 | 0.08 | 36.9 | 38.1 | 0.02 | 28.8 | 38.1 | 0.19 |
| Race, % | |||||||||
| White | 77.8 | 0 | 2.64 | 79.7 | 0 | 2.8 | 72.6 | 0 | 2.3 |
| Asian | 13.4 | 100 | 3.59 | 13.4 | 100 | 3.59 | 21.5 | 100 | 2.7 |
| Others | 8.8 | 0 | 0.43 | 6.8 | 0 | 0.38 | 6 | 0 | 0.35 |
| HbA1c, mean mg/dL (SD) | 8.2 (0.9) | 8.4 (1.6) | 0.15 | 8.3 (1.2) | 8.5 (1.6) | 0.14 | 8.1 (0.9) | 8.5 (1.7) | 0.29 |
| eGFR, mean ml/min/1.73 m2(SD) | 76.7 (20.3) | 85.3 (27.5) | 0.35 | 85.4 (15.8) | 91.9 (26.2) | 0.3 | 74.2 (21.6) | 88.4 (28.8) | 0.55 |
| ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2, % | NA | 42.3 | NA | NA | 49.6 | NA | 22.4 | 44.4 | 0.47 |
| 60–90 mL/min/1.73 m2, % | NA | 38.2 | NA | NA | 41.1 | NA | 51.7 | 40.3 | 0.23 |
| 30–60 mL/min/1.73 m2, % | NA | 17.1 | NA | NA | 8.2 | NA | 25.9 | 15.3 | 0.26 |
| <30 mL/min/1.73 m2, % | NA | 2.5 | NA | NA | 1.1 | NA | |||
| SBP, mean mm Hg (SD) | 136.4 (15.8) | 140.2 (18.5) | 0.22 | 135.1 (15.3) | 140.3 (18.5) | 0.3 | 135.3 (16.9) | 138.8 (19.6) | 0.19 |
| DBP, mean mm Hg (SD) | 77.6 (9.6) | 79.1 (12.1) | 0.13 | NA | 79.5 (12.3) | NA | 76.6 (9.7) | 78.5 (12.3) | 0.17 |
| BMI, mean kg/m2(SD) | 31.9 (5.9) | 28.3 (4.4) | 0.69 | 32.1 (6.0) | 28.2 (4.0) | 0.76 | 30.6 (5.3) | 28.0 (4.0) | 0.55 |
| Comorbidity | |||||||||
| Microvascular diseases, % | NA | 29.6 | NA | NA | 24.4 | NA | NA | 23.1 | NA |
| Retinopathy | 20.8 | 6.9 | 0.39 | NA | 9.1 | NA | NA | 7.3 | NA |
| Nephropathy | 17.2 | 24.9 | 0.19 | NA | 20.3 | NA | NA | 19.1 | NA |
| Neuropathy | 30.8 | 6.5 | 0.65 | NA | 6.6 | NA | NA | 7.1 | NA |
| Macrovascular diseases, % | 64.8 | 23.5 | 0.91 | 40.5 | 23.4 | 0.37 | 99.9 | 31.1 | 2.09 |
| Coronary artery disease | 55.8 | 20 | 0.79 | 32.9 | 19.7 | 0.3 | 75.6 | 27 | 1.11 |
| Myocardial infraction | NA | 2.9 | NA | NA | 2.6 | NA | 46.5 | 6.8 | 1 |
| Unstable angina | NA | 0.9 | NA | NA | 0.9 | NA | NA | 1.1 | NA |
| Stroke | 19.2 | 3 | 0.53 | 7.6 | 3.8 | 0.16 | 23.1 | 4.2 | 0.57 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 20.3 | 1.4 | 0.63 | 6.1 | 1 | 0.27 | 21 | 1.3 | 0.65 |
| Hypertension | 89.5 | 66.8 | 0.57 | NA | 64.9 | NA | NA | 65.1 | NA |
| Dyslipidemia | NA | 71.8 | NA | NA | 70.9 | NA | NA | 64.6 | NA |
| Heart failure | 13.9 | 6.2 | 0.25 | 9.9 | 5.4 | 0.16 | 10.6 | 9.9 | 0.02 |
| Lower extremity amputation | 2.3 | 0 | 0.21 | NA | 0 | NA | NA | 0.1 | NA |
| Atrial fibrillation | NA | 3.8 | NA | NA | 3.1 | NA | NA | 4 | NA |
| Liver disease | NA | 15.5 | NA | NA | 17.1 | NA | NA | 15.6 | NA |
| Cancer | 0 | 5.7 | 0.34 | 0 | 5.5 | 0.34 | 0 | 5.2 | 0.33 |
| Healthcare facility characteristics | |||||||||
| Medical specialties | |||||||||
| Endocrine | NA | 62.8 | NA | NA | 56.6 | NA | NA | 45.1 | NA |
| Cardiology | NA | 28.6 | NA | NA | 27.8 | NA | NA | 34.4 | NA |
| Nephrology | NA | 6 | NA | NA | 2.9 | NA | NA | 5.5 | NA |
| Other | NA | 2.7 | NA | NA | 12.8 | NA | NA | 15 | NA |
| Drug characteristics | |||||||||
| No. antidiabetes drug, mean (SD) | NA | 2.3 (1.1) | NA | NA | 2.1 (1.2) | NA | NA | 2.0 (1.2) | NA |
| Antidiabetes drug regimen, % | |||||||||
| Treatment native | NA | 5.5 | NA | NA | 11.3 | NA | NA | 13.9 | NA |
| Monotherapy | NA | 16.4 | NA | NA | 16.4 | NA | 29.4 | 19.9 | 0.22 |
| Dual therapy | NA | 31.4 | NA | NA | 30.2 | NA | 48.2 | 28.1 | 0.42 |
| At least triple therapy | NA | 46.7 | NA | NA | 42.1 | NA | NA | 38.1 | NA |
| Antidiabetes drug class, % | |||||||||
| Metformin | 77.2 | 83.5 | 0.15 | 81.8 | 80.5 | 0.03 | 73.8 | 74.2 | 0.01 |
| Sulfonylurea | 43 | 48.9 | 0.11 | 42.1 | 44.3 | 0.04 | 43 | 38.9 | 0.08 |
| DPP4i | 12.4 | 61 | 1.16 | 16.5 | 55.7 | 0.89 | 11.3 | 54.5 | 1.03 |
| Glinide | NA | 2.1 | NA | NA | 1.8 | NA | NA | 1.9 | NA |
| Acarbose | NA | 3.6 | NA | NA | 4.7 | NA | NA | 4.9 | NA |
| Thiazolidinedione | NA | 19.2 | NA | NA | 14.4 | NA | 4.2 | 11.3 | 0.26 |
| GLP-1 receptor agonists | 4 | 1.7 | 0.13 | 4.6 | 1 | 0.21 | 2.7 | 1.1 | 0.22 |
| Insulin | 50.2 | 12.3 | 0.89 | 41.6 | 11.8 | 0.71 | 48 | 14.4 | 1.12 |
ASMD, absolute standardized mean difference; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DPP4i, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLP, glucagon-like peptide; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; NA, not available; SBP, systolic blood pressure.