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. 2020 Jan 7;13:83–94. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S239398

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© 2020 Zhuang et al.

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Resistance mechanism of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in the cancer-immunity cycle. Each step of the cancer-immunity cycle requires the coordination of numerous factors. PD-1/PD-L1 blockade targets the final step. It can be affected by abnormalities in any of the previous steps to produce resistance. Examples of such abnormalities and the primary steps at which they can act are shown.