Table 2.
Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics stratified according to insulin-based therapeutic regimens.
| Insulin glargine only (n = 466) | Insulin glargine plus other oral glucose-lowering drugs (N = 1,590) | Insulin glargine plus rapid-acting insulin (N = 4,475) | Insulin glargine plus DPP-4 inhibitors (N = 357) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Insulin-naïve | Insulin-established | Total | Insulin-naïve | Insulin-established | Total | Insulin-naïve | Insulin-established | Total | Insulin-naïve | Insulin-established | |
| N (%) | 466 | 293 (62.9) | 173 (37.1) | 1,590 | 680 (42.8) | 910 (57.2) | 4,475 | 1,576 (35.2) | 2,899 (64.8) | 357 | 167 (46.8) | 190 (53.2) |
| Age (mean ± SD) | 71.7 ± 14.6 | 71.8 ± 14.9 | 71.6 ± 14.2 | 71.8 ± 11.9 | 71.6 ± 12.6 | 71.9 ± 11.4 | 69.3 ± 13.3 | 69.5 ± 14.0 | 69.1 ± 12.9 | 67.7 ± 10.0^ | 67.4 ± 11.2° | 68.0 ± 8.9§ |
| Male (%) | 47.6 | 45.4 | 51.4 | 51.1 | 49.6 | 52.2 | 51.1 | 51.1 | 51.1 | 55.5 | 54.5 | 56.3 |
| Hypertension (%) | 65.0 | 62.1 | 69.9 | 75.6 | 72.6 | 77.8 | 73.5 | 70.2 | 75.3 | 77.0^ | 70.7° | 82.6§ |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 32.8 | 29.7 | 38.2 | 50.6 | 43.5 | 55.8 | 51.2 | 40.0 | 57.3 | 60.2^ | 52.7° | 66.8§ |
| Anti-inflammatory agents (%) | 14.4 | 14.3 | 14.5 | 18.1 | 17.8 | 18.2 | 15.8 | 15.0 | 16.2 | 17.4 | 15.6 | 18.9 |
| Asthma/COPD (%) | 10.3 | 9.9 | 11.0 | 9.7 | 11.6 | 8.4 | 10.1 | 10.3 | 10.0 | 6.2 | 5.4 | 6.8 |
| Kidney disease | 8.6 | 8.5 | 8.7 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 2.9 | 6.3 | 8.2 | 5.3 | 3.4^ | 3.6° | 3.2§ |
| Hypoglycemia (%) | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.4 | — | 2.6 |
| Previous CV events (%) | 28.3 | 30.0 | 25.4 | 14.6 | 19.0 | 11.3 | 19.1 | 25.1 | 15.8 | 10.9^ | 9.6° | 12.1§ |
| Hypertensive disease (%) | 14.4 | 16.0 | 12.5 | 9.2 | 13.9 | 7.2 | 10.4 | 11.6 | 6.8 | 7.0^ | 8.5° | 6.8 |
| Acute myocardial infarction (%) | 2.4 | 3.1 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 0.6 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 1.1 |
| Coronary disease (%) | 8.2 | 7.5 | 5.3 | 4.0 | 9.3 | 5.4 | 7.6 | 9.2 | 3.0 | 6.4^ | 6.6° | 7.4§ |
| Heart failure (%) | 7.7 | 8.9 | 5.0 | 3.5 | 8.0 | 3.0 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 2.4 | 2.2^ | 4.6° | 1.6§ |
| Stroke and other cerebral circulatory dysfunction (%) | 11.4 | 10.9 | 6.2 | 5.0 | 7.4 | 1.2 | 5.3 | 12.1 | 4.2 | 1.7^ | 4.2° | 2.1§ |
| Arteriosclerosis of the main arteries and aneurysm (%) | 1.7 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 2.4 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 2.1 |
| HbA1c (%)∗ | ||||||||||||
| <7% | 26.5 | 24.4 | 30.9 | 18.4 | 15.9 | 20.6 | 16.8 | 16.7 | 16.9 | 15.5^ | 7.4∗ | 23.2§ |
| ≥7% < 8% | 13.4 | 12.4 | 15.5 | 23.6 | 20.5 | 26.3 | 25.3 | 19.5 | 29.3 | 27.7 | 19.9 | 35.2 |
| ≥8% < 9% | 8.8 | 9.1 | 8.2 | 16.7 | 15.3 | 18.0 | 19.1 | 16.5 | 20.8 | 19.4 | 22.1 | 16.9 |
| ≥9% | 14.4 | 13.4 | 16.5 | 21.5 | 28.7 | 14.9 | 19.2 | 24.5 | 15.5 | 23.0 | 34.6 | 12.0 |
| Not detected | 36.9 | 40.7 | 28.9 | 19.9 | 19.6 | 20.1 | 19.6 | 22.7 | 17.5 | 14.4 | 16.2 | 12.7 |
∗Analysis carried out in the cohort of patients with available laboratory data. ^p < 0.05 among the insulin groups. °p < 0.05 among the insulin-naïve groups. §p < 0.05 among the insulin-established groups.