Table 3.
Exposure to individual pharmacogenomic (PGx) drugs licensed for prescription in the UK over available prescribing periods
| Available prescribing period | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| –2 years (2011–2012) n = 684 141 | −10 years (2003–2012) n = 538 602 | −20 years (1993–2012) n = 289 186 | +5 years (2013–2017) n = 203 395 | ||||||
| PGx drug | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | Corresponding pharmacogene(s) |
| Codeine | 136 997 | 20% | 221 623 | 41% | 139 784 | 47% | 66 463 | 33% | CYP2D6 |
| Omeprazole | 140 142 | 20% | 170 784 | 32% | 100 499 | 34% | 70 433 | 35% | CYP2C19 |
| Simvastatin | 156 472 | 23% | 168 050 | 31% | 94 681 | 32% | 44 472 | 22% | SLCO1B1 |
| Lansoprazole | 68 613 | 10% | 103 676 | 19% | 65 873 | 22% | 29 809 | 15% | CYP2C19 |
| Amitriptyline | 52 717 | 8% | 84 654 | 16% | 58 064 | 19% | 27 917 | 14% | CYP2D6, CYP2C19 |
| Tramadol | 45 784 | 7% | 79 492 | 15% | 46 585 | 16% | 19 074 | 9% | CYP2D6 |
| Citalopram | 39 295 | 6% | 58 446 | 11% | 34 553 | 12% | 15 061 | 7% | CYP2C19 |
| Warfarin | 26 479 | 4% | 28 395 | 5% | 17 951 | 6% | 9042 | 4% | CYP2C9, VKORC1, CYP4F2 |
| Paroxetine | 3850 | 1% | 8643 | 2% | 16 405 | 6% | 1263 | 0.6% | CYP2D6 |
| Clopidogrel | 20 030 | 3% | 28 392 | 5% | 16 232 | 5% | 11 607 | 6% | CYP2C19 |
| Hormonal contraceptives | 883 | 0% | 5935 | 1% | 15 909 | 5% | 143 | 0.1% | F5 |
| Sertraline | 13 176 | 2% | 17 878 | 3% | 13 733 | 5% | 9812 | 5% | CYP2C19 |
| Gliclazide | 20 569 | 3% | 20 184 | 4% | 11 951 | 4% | 7601 | 4% | CYP2C9 |
| Allopurinol | 15 322 | 2% | 15 520 | 3% | 9171 | 3% | 6409 | 3% | HLA‐B |
| Mirtazapine | 10 760 | 2% | 14 314 | 3% | 8120 | 3% | 5924 | 3% | CYP2D6 |
| Carbamazepine | 5214 | 1% | 9079 | 2% | 8090 | 3% | 1849 | 1% | HLA‐A, HLA‐B |
| Venlafaxine | 5425 | 1% | 10 472 | 2% | 7667 | 3% | 2238 | 1% | CYP2D6 |
| Esomeprazole | 5470 | 1% | 12 150 | 2% | 7155 | 2% | 3119 | 2% | CYP2C19 |
| Pantoprazole | 3706 | 1% | 8601 | 2% | 6644 | 2% | 1962 | 1% | CYP2C19 |
| Tamoxifen | 2909 | 0.4% | 6470 | 1% | 5145 | 2% | 1062 | 0.5% | CYP2D6 |
| Escitalopram | 3022 | 0.4% | 9390 | 2% | 4611 | 2% | 1066 | 0.5% | CYP2C19 |
| Fluorouracil | 4197 | 0.6% | 8129 | 2% | 4576 | 2% | 3764 | 2% | DPYD |
| Nortriptyline | 2767 | 0.4% | 4778 | 0.9% | 3859 | 1% | 1507 | 0.7% | CYP2D6 |
| Metoprolol | 3435 | 0.5% | 5040 | 0.9% | 3446 | 1% | 881 | 0.4% | CYP2D6 |
| Clomipramine | 867 | 0.1% | 1618 | 0.3% | 2680 | 0.9% | 291 | 0.1% | CYP2C19, CYP2D6 |
| Imipramine | 616 | 0.1% | 1423 | 0.3% | 2225 | 0.8% | 167 | 0.1% | CYP2C19, CYP2D6 |
| Oxycodone | 2786 | 0.4% | 4012 | 0.7% | 2108 | 0.7% | 1700 | 0.8% | CYP2D6 |
| Azathioprine | 1841 | 0.3% | 2500 | 0.5% | 1792 | 0.6% | 736 | 0.4% | TPMT |
| Phenytoin | 2139 | 0.3% | 2256 | 0.4% | 1741 | 0.6% | 589 | 0.3% | CYP2C9, HLA‐B |
| Trimipramine | 438 | 0.1% | 902 | 0.2% | 1710 | 0.6% | 116 | 0.1% | CYP2C19, CYP2D6 |
| Glimepiride | 2204 | 0.3% | 2676 | 0.5% | 1646 | 0.6% | 1103 | 0.5% | CYP2C9 |
| Flecainide | 1742 | 0.3% | 2196 | 0.4% | 1511 | 0.5% | 832 | 0.40% | CYP2D6 |
| Risperidone | 1958 | 0.3% | 2479 | 0.5% | 1409 | 0.5% | 665 | 0.3% | CYP2D6 |
| Haloperidol | 921 | 0.1% | 1466 | 0.3% | 1273 | 0.4% | 237 | 0.1% | CYP2D6 |
| Doxepin | 343 | 0.1% | 999 | 0.2% | 1251 | 0.4% | 101 | 0.1% | CYP2C19, CYP2D6 |
| Tacrolimus | 997 | 0.2% | 1662 | 0.3% | 887 | 0.3% | 713 | 0.4% | CYP3A5 |
| Ondansetron | 466 | 0.1% | 736 | 0.1% | 475 | 0.2% | 422 | 0.2% | CYP2D6 |
| Fluvoxamine | 58 | 0.0% | 131 | 0.0% | 433 | 0.2% | 27 | 0.0% | CYP2D6 |
| Aripiprazole | 604 | 0.1% | 579 | 0.1% | 269 | 0.1% | 315 | 0.2% | CYP2D6 |
Values are number (%) patients prescribed individual pharmacogenomic drugs licensed for prescription in the UK over available prescribing periods
Drugs are ranked from most to least commonly prescribed over the −20 year prescribing period. Drugs not included in the table were:
Rarely prescribed in primary care (number of prescriptions over 20 year period): propafenone (n = 186), mercaptopurine (n = 92), oxcarbazepine (n = 97), acenocoumarol (n = 106), zuclopenthixol (n = 108), voriconazole (n = 9), peginterferon alfa‐2a (n = 2), ribavirin (n = 4), tioguanine (n = 1), abacavir (n = 0), atazanavir (n = 0), atomoxetine (n = 1), capecitabine (n = 0).
Not prescribed at all in primary care during any available prescribing period: cisplatin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, irinotecan, ivacaftor, peginterferon alfa‐2b, rasburicase, tegafur.