Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants
| N (%) | Age group | |||
| n=2083 | 60–79 years (n=1851) | ≥80 years (n=232) | P value | |
| Sex | 0.385 | |||
| Male | 834 (40.0) | 735 (39.7) | 99 (42.7) | |
| Female | 1249 (60.0) | 1116 (60.3) | 133 (57.3) | |
| Nationality | 0.996 | |||
| Han | 2056 (98.7) | 1827 (98.7) | 229 (98.7) | |
| Minority nationalities | 27 (1.3) | 24 (1.3) | 3 (1.3) | |
| Educational level | <0.001 | |||
| Illiteracy | 850 (40.8) | 688 (37.2) | 162 (69.8) | |
| Primary school | 921 (44.2) | 857 (46.3) | 64 (27.6) | |
| Middle school | 289 (13.9) | 287 (15.5) | 2 (0.9) | |
| ≥College school | 23 (1.1) | 19 (1.0) | 4 (1.7) | |
| Marital status | <0.001 | |||
| Married and living together | 1571 (75.4) | 1459 (78.8) | 112 (48.3) | |
| Single, divorced or widowed | 512 (24.6) | 392 (21.2) | 120 (51.7) | |
| Occupation | 0.009 | |||
| White collar | 21 (1.0) | 16 (0.9) | 5 (2.2) | |
| Light physical labour | 132 (6.3) | 126 (6.8) | 6 (2.6) | |
| Hard physical labour | 1930 (92.7) | 1709 (92.3) | 221 (95.3) | |
| Smoking status | 0.031 | |||
| Never | 1390 (66.7) | 1239 (66.9) | 151 (65.1) | |
| Former | 215 (10.3) | 180 (9.7) | 35 (15.1) | |
| Current | 478 (22.9) | 432 (23.3) | 46 (19.8) | |
| Alcohol drinking status | 0.018 | |||
| Never | 1046 (50.2) | 926 (50.0) | 120 (51.7) | |
| Former | 120 (5.8) | 98 (5.3) | 22 (9.5) | |
| Current | 917 (44.0) | 827 (44.7) | 90 (38.8) | |
| Physical activity level | 0.179 | |||
| Never | 921 (44.2) | 831 (44.9) | 90 (38.8) | |
| <5 hours/week | 272 (13.1) | 244 (13.2) | 28 (12.1) | |
| 5–7.9 hours/week | 522 (25.1) | 452 (24.4) | 70 (30.2) | |
| ≥8 hours/week | 368 (17.7) | 324 (17.5) | 44 (19.0) | |
| CHD | 0.729 | |||
| Yes | 369 (17.7) | 326 (17.6) | 43 (18.5) | |
| No | 1714 (82.3) | 1525 (82.4) | 189 (82.4) | |
| Stroke | 0.934 | |||
| Yes | 291 (14.0) | 259 (14.0) | 32 (13.8) | |
| No | 1792 (86.0) | 1592 (86.0) | 200 (86.2) | |
| T2DM | 0.039 | |||
| Yes | 411 (19.7) | 377 (20.4) | 34 (14.7) | |
| No | 1672 (80.3) | 1474 (79.6) | 198 (85.3) | |
| Age | 69.43±6.87 | 67.77±5.25 | 82.65±2.60 | <0.001 |
| BMI | 24.17±3.55 | 24.30±3.54 | 23.09±3.51 | <0.001 |
| Grip strength | 23.05±10.86 | 23.85±10.84 | 16.94±8.87 | <0.001 |
| Time up and go test | 12.81±7.59 | 12.38±7.31 | 16.17±8.88 | <0.001 |
| EQ-5D | 0.93±0.13 | 0.94±0.12 | 0.89±0.17 | <0.001 |
| VAS | 74.38±14.89 | 74.73±14.70 | 71.61±16.10 | 0.005 |
BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.