Table 3.

Previous studies on rubella seronegativity in women that included more than 1000 subjects and were published within the past 10 years, grouped by WHO region

WHO region	Publication year	N	Country	Seronegativity (%)	Population	Reference	Measurement method
AFR	2009	7430	South Africa	6.2	WCBA	Schoub et al 26	Bio-Rad Platelia Rubella IgG ELISA
AMR	2009	8939	Brazil	28.4	Pregnant	Inagaki et al 27	Q-Preven IgG-DBS kit
AMR	2011	9610	Brazil	11.6	Pregnant	Artimos de Oliveira et al 28	Beckman Coulter Access RUBELLA IgG ChLIA or bioMérieux VIDAS RUB IgG II ELFA
AMR	2016	54 717	Brazil	4.5	Pregnant	Avila Moura et al 29	Q-Preven IgG-DBS kit
AMR	2009	5783	Canada	7.0	Pregnant	McElroy et al 30	Hemagglutination inhibition test
AMR	2013	459 963	Canada	4.4	WCBA	Lim et al 31	Abbott AxSYM Rubella IgG MEIA
AMR	2015	157 763	Canada	15.9	Pregnant	Lai et al 32	Abbott ARCHITECT Rubella IgG CMIA
EMR	2014	4062	Kuwait	6.8	Pregnant	Madi et al 33	Abbott ARCHITECT Rubella IgG CMIA
EMR	2013	2284	Morocco	9.8	Pregnant	Belefquih et al 34	Siemens Enzygnost Anti-Rubella-Virus IgG EIA
EMR	2014	10 276	Saudi Arabia	8.7	Pregnant	Alsibiani et al 35	Dade Behring ELISA BP III
EUR	2012	424 876	England	2.6	Pregnant	Byrne et al 36	Microgen Mercia Rubella G EIA
EUR	2013	1090	Germany	1.6	Pregnant	Enders et al 37	Hemagglutination inhibition test
EUR	2013	74 810	Ireland	6.2	Pregnant	O’Dwyer et al 38	Method not described
EUR	2012	2385	Italy	8.0	Pregnant	De Paschale et al 39	DiaSorin ETI-RUBEK-G PLUS EIA
EUR	2015	22 681	Spain	5.9	Pregnant	Vilajeliu et al 40	Siemens ADVIA Centaur Rubella G ChLIA
EUR	2010	41 637	Sweden	4.2	Pregnant	Kakoulidou et al 41	Abbott AxSYM Rubella IgG MEIA
EUR	2009	1972	Turkey	3.9	Pregnant	Tamer et al 42	Abbott AxSYM Rubella IgG MEIA
EUR	2012	5959	Turkey	1.9	Pregnant	Uysal et al 43	bioMérieux VIDAS RUB IgG II ELFA
EUR	2011	11 987	UK	4.4	Pregnant	Matthews et al 44	DiaSorin ETI-RUBEK-G EIA
EUR	2016	19 046	UK	6.3	Pregnant	Ogundele et al 45	Roche E602 MODULAR analyzer
SEAR	2011	2224	Nepal	9.2	WCBA	Upreti et al 46	Enzygnost Anti-Rubella-Virus IgG EIA
SEAR	2014	1988	Vietnam	28.9	Pregnant	Miyakawa et al 47	bioMérieux Mini VIDAS EIA
WPR	2008	1020	Australia	2.7	WCBA	Nardone et al 48	Siemens Enzygnost Anti-Rubella-Virus IgG EIA
WPR	2008	2741	Japan	6.7	Pregnant	Okuda et al 49	Hemagglutination inhibition test
WPR	2013	13 924	Japan	2.7	Pregnant	Hanaoka et al 50	Hemagglutination inhibition test
WPR	2014	20 363	Japan	4.7	Pregnant	Yamada et al 51	Hemagglutination inhibition test
WPR	2017	782 293	China	33.8	WCBA	Liu et al 52	Method not described
WPR	2011	43 640	Taiwan	10.9	Pregnant	Lin et al 53	Abbott AxSYM Rubella IgG MEIA and Beckman Coulter Access RUBELLA IgG ChLIA
WPR	2012	14 090	Taiwan	6.5	Pregnant	Lin et al 54	Abbott AxSYM Rubella IgG MEIA
WPR	2019	327 637	Republic of Korea	8.7	WCBA	This study	Abbott ARCHITECT Rubella IgG CMIA

AFR, Africa region; AMR, American region; EMR, Eastern Mediterranean Region; EUR, European region; SEAR, South-East Asian region; WCBA, women of childbearing age; WPR, Western Pacific region.