Figure 1.

Schematic representation of the sub-cellular signals activated by the endurance (EE) and resistance (RE) exercises. In EE, the activation of the downstream pathways foresees modifications of the energetic availability (ATP), oxidative stress with production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), meccanostresses with p38 / MAPK activation or changes in cellular calcium content (ERα = alpha receptor for estrogens; PPARα = peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor alpha), leading to PGC-1α mediated mitochondriogenesis and mitochondrial β-oxidation. In RE, Insulin Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1), amino acids, mechanical strain and calcium disposal converge on upstream signals activating mTORC1. Akt = protein kinase B; FAK = Focal Adhesion Kinase; S6K = ribosomal protein 6 kinase; 4E-BP1 = eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1. Modified with permission from: Physical Activity. Giuseppe D’Antona. Poletto publisher 2019 (1^st edition) (62).