Table 1.
Characteristics of 1,316 participants by category of apnea hypopnea index at baseline
| AHI | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal (<5.0/hour) | Mild (5.0 to <15/hour) | At least moderate (≥15/hour) | ||
| Baseline Characteristic | (N = 529) | (N = 444) | (N = 343) | P* |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 76.2 (5.7) | 76.2 (5.7) | 77.3 (5.6) | .01 |
| Caucasian, n (%) | 489 (92.4) | 411 (92.6) | 313 (91.3) | .76 |
| Education, n (%) | .02 | |||
| Less than high school | 17 (3.2) | 20 (4.5) | 14 (4.1) | |
| High school | 56 (10.6) | 58 (13.1) | 63 (18.4) | |
| Beyond high school | 456 (86.2) | 366 (82.4) | 266 (77.6) | |
| Fair, poor, or very poor health status, n (%) | 53 (10.0) | 60 (13.5) | 45 (13.1) | .19 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | .23 | |||
| Never | 216 (40.8) | 181 (40.9) | 147 (42.9) | |
| Past | 302 (57.1) | 254 (57.3) | 195 (56.9) | |
| Current | 11 (2.1) | 8 (1.8) | 1 (0.3) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 54(10.2) | 61 (13.8) | 53 (15.5) | .06 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 344 (65.0) | 316 (71.3) | 262 (76.6) | .001 |
| Coronary heart disease†, n (%) | 161 (30.4) | 124 (27.9) | 114 (33.2) | .27 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 23 (4.3) | 15 (3.4) | 11 (3.2) | .62 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 18 (3.4) | 30 (6.8) | 25 (7.3) | .02 |
| CVD**, n (%) | 178 (33.6) | 144 (32.4) | 130 (37.9) | .25 |
| COPD or emphysema, n (%) | 29 (5.5) | 24 (5.4) | 11 (3.2) | .25 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 26.2 (3.3) | 27.3 (3.6) | 28.2 (4.1) | <.001 |
| Depression (GDS score ≥ 6), n (%) | 31 (5.9) | 17 (3.8) | 23 (6.7) | .17 |
| Hospitalized in the year prior to sleep visit, n (%) | 67 (12.7) | 65 (14.6) | 43 (12.5) | .59 |
| Outcomes‡ | ||||
| Hospitalized, n (%) | 188 (35.5) | 176 (39.6) | 159 (46.4) | .006 |
| CVD-related hospitalization, n (%) | 96 (18.1) | 87 (19.6) | 89 (25.9) | .02 |
| SNF stay, n (%) | 34 (6.4) | 24 (5.4) | 19 (5.5) | .76 |
| Dead, n (%) | 32 (6.0) | 29 (6.5) | 27 (7.9) | .55 |
| Annualized total healthcare costs | .06 | |||
| Mean (SD) | $7,441 (9,904) | $6,945 (8,644) | $8,305 (10,079) | |
| Median (IQR) | $3,672 (1,536–9,128) | $3,746 (1,641–8,799) | $4,674 (1,947–10,227) | |
| Annualized outpatient costs | .16 | |||
| Mean (SD) | $3,955 (5,192) | $3,641 (3,962) | $4,181 (5,193) | |
| Median (IQR) | $2,772 (1,344–4,950) | $2,708 (1,287–4,632) | $2,980 (1,601–5,064) | |
AHI = apnea hypopnea index; N = number of men in each category; n (%) = number (proportion); CVD = cardiovascular disease; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale; SNF = skilled nursing facility; IQR = interquartile range.
*ANOVA (or nonparametric equivalent, i.e. Kruskal–Wallis test) for continuous variables, and chi-square test (or Fisher’s exact test) for categorical variables.
†Coronary heart disease was defined by a self-reported history of a physician diagnosis of angina, myocardial infarction, angioplasty, or coronary artery bypass.
**CVD was defined as having either one of these three conditions: coronary heart disease, stroke, or congestive heart failure.
‡During the 3-year follow-up post-MrOS Sleep visit.