Table 2.
Comparisons between the cytokine levels in GI vs. No-GI groups, in EO ASD (a) vs. Reg-DD (b) vs. Reg+DD (c) subgroups and No-Verbal vs. Verbal groups. The mean levels of each cytokine in the total sample are also reported.
| a | b | c | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Sample | No-GI 55 Subjects |
GI 30 Subjects |
p (No-GI vs. GI) |
EO ASD | Reg − DD | Reg + DD | ANOVA p Value |
NO VERBAL 46 Subjects |
VERBAL 39 Subjects |
p (No-V vs. V) |
|
| N (%) | 85 (100) |
55 (64.7%) | 30 (35.3%) | 57 (67.0) |
14 (16.5) |
14 (16.5) |
|||||
|
TNF-α, m (SD) pg/mL range 0.74–16.09 |
6.12 (2.40) |
5.84 (2.01) | 6.63 (2.95) | ns | 6.09 (3.16) | 6.76 (3.16) | 5.56 (2.56) | ns | 6.52 (2.57) |
5.63 (2.50) |
ns |
|
IL-6, m (SD) pg/mL range 0.80–104.00 |
5.99 (16.17) |
4.70 (13.83) | 8.34 (19.80) | ns | 5.74 (14.47) | 10.82 (27.24) | 2.18 (0.90) | ns | 4.67 (6.96) |
7.54 (22.69) |
ns |
|
CCL2, m (SD) pg/mL range 26.36–451.00 |
127.22 (58.81) |
131.61 (66.86) | 119.16 (39.90) | ns | 126.85 (56.03) | 135.10 (53.15) | 120.84 (76.74) | ns | 125.38 (53.73) |
129.39 (64.95) |
ns |
|
Leptin, m (SD) pg/mL range 0.03–4.83 |
1.14 (0.89) |
1.19 (0.96) | 1.06 (0.76) | ns | 1.26 (1.01) | 0.96 (0.50) | 0.88 (0.55) | ns | 1.01 (0.80) |
1.30 (0.97) |
ns |
|
Resistin, m (SD) ng/mL range 8.1–96.8 |
22.89 (13.63) |
24.50 (14.37) | 19.82 (11.74) | 0.032 | 20.97 (10.45) | 18.30 (9.68) | 35.14 (20.75) | 0.0003 (c > a) 0.0007 (c > b) |
23.65 (15.78) |
21.96 (10.60) |
ns |
|
PAI-1, m (SD) ng/mL range 5.5–91.2 |
26.04 (18.96) |
27.52 (20.27) | 23.24 (16.13) | ns | 23.28 (12.74) | 22.46 (14.04) | 40.67 (33.68) | 0.0018 (c > a) 0.0090 (c > b) |
28.66 (22.86) |
22.88 (12.32) |
ns |
ns: not significant; Abbreviations (in alphabetic order): ASD: Autism Spectrum Disorder; CCL2: Macrophage Chemoattractant Protein-1; EO ASD: early onset of ASD without a history of loss of competences; GI: gastrointestinal; IL-6: interleukin-6; PAI 1: Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1; Reg – DD: regression without a previous developmental delay; Reg + DD: regression with a previous developmental delay; SD: standard deviation; TNF-α: Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha.