Table 2.
Model parameters of the single‐group and the constrained multigroup GMM Model
| Parameter | Multigroup model | |
|---|---|---|
| Delayed improvers | Immediate improvers | |
| λ k1 | 0 | 0 |
| λ k2 | −0.13 (0.13)NS | 0.33 (0.05) |
| λ k3 | 0.18 (0.15)NS | 0.55 (0.04) |
| λ k4 | 0.57 (0.12) | 0.84 (0.03) |
| λ k5 | 0.80 (0.07) | 0.90 (0.02) |
| λ k6 | 1.03 (0.07) | 1.02 (0.02) |
| λ k7 | 1.12 (0.05) | 1.11 (0.02) |
| λ k8 | 1 | 1 |
| μ Ik | 12.39 (0.33) | 11.23 (0.28) |
| μ Sk | −3.41 (0.76) | −5.54 (0.37) |
| ψ Sk,Ik | −2.23 (0.87) | −3.42 (1.04) |
| ψIk | 5.75 (0.73) | 6.27 (0.78) |
| ψSk | 10.43 (2.48) | 7.07 (1.15) |
| Var(ε i1k) | 8.91 (1.60) | 5.12 (0.96) |
| Var(εi2k) | 7.79 (1.94) | 5.35 (1.33) |
| Var(ε i3k) | 6.51 (1.46) | 4.09 (0.87) |
| Var(ε i4k) | 8.21 (1.14) | 2.21 (0.30) |
| Var(ε i5k) | 8.31 (1.71) | 2.45 (0.32) |
| Var(εi6k) | 5.50 (1.17) | 1.44 (0.30) |
| Var(εi7k) | 5.77 (1.08) | 1.19 (0.22) |
| Var(εi8k) | 9.12 (1.56) | 3.02 (0.40) |
λkt = class‐ and time‐specific growth factor loading, where k = refers to the class and t to the measurement occasions. μ Ik and μ Sk = mean of the intercept and slope, respectively. ψIk and ψSk = variance of the intercept and slope. ψ Sk,Ik = covariance between slope and intercept. Var(ε itk) = residual variance at the corresponding measurement occasion t. All parameters significant with p < .05 if not indicated otherwise. NS = nonsignificant.