Table 1.
Examples of implication of semiochemicals enabling greater efficacy of biological control agents.
| Biological Control Agent | Insect Pest | Host Plant | Type of Semiochemical | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Parasitoids | ||||
| i. | Trichogramma (Riley) spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) | Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) | Glycine max ((L.) Merr.) and Trifolium incarnatum (L.) (both Fabales: Fabaceae) | synthetic tricosane | [19] |
| ii. | Aphidius ervi (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) | Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) | Vicia faba (L.) (Fabales: Fabaceae) | cis-Jasmone | [20] |
| iii. | Oomyzus gallerucae (Fonscolombe) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)) | Xanthogaleruca luteola Müller (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) | Ulmus minor (Mill.) (Rosales: Ulmaceae) | Terpenoids | [21] |
| iv. | Trissolcus (Ashmead) spp. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) | Euschistus heros (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) | Glycine max | (E)-2-hexenal | [22] |
| v. | Telenomus podisi (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), Trisscolus teretis (Johnson (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) | Euschistus heros fabricius (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) | resistant Glycine max cultivars Dowling and IAC 100 | (E,E)-α-farnesene, methyl salicylate, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, and (E)-2-octen-1-ol | [23] |
| 2. | Predators | ||||
| i. | Thanasimus dubius (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) | Ips pini (Say) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) | Pinus strobus (L.) (Pinales: Pinaceae) | Ipsdienol | [24,25] |
| ii. | Rhizophagus grandis (Gyllenhall) (Coleoptera: Rhizophagidae) | Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) | - | monoterpenes and oxygenated monoterpenes | [26] |
| iii. | Coccinella septempunctata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) | Rhopalosiphum padi | Vicia faba | cis-Jasmone | [20] |
| iv. | Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Trogossitidae) and Enoclerus lecontei (Wolcott) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) | Ips pini | Pinus strobus | ipsdienol and lanierone | [27] |
| v. | Medetera setiventris (Thuneberg) (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), Thanasimus formicarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) and Thanasimus femoralis | Ips typographus (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) | Picea abies ([L.] H. Karst.) (Pinales: Pinaceae) | S-cis-verbenol, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, ipsdienol, (+)-a-pinene, (–))-a-pinene, (±)-a-pinene, limonene, Camphor and ipsdienol | [28] |
| vi. | Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Coleoptera: Pentatomidae) | Manduca sexta (L.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) | Solanum lycopersicum (L.) (Solanales: Solanaceae) | Methyl salicylate (MeSA), or Podisus maculiventris aggregation pheromone | [29] |
| 3. | Entomopathogenic Fungus | ||||
| 1. | Trichothecium roseum ([Pers.] Link) (Hypocreales: Incertae sedis) | Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) and O. mercator (Fauvel) (both Coleoptera: Silvanidae) Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae), Ahasverus advena (Waltl) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae), Cathartus quadricollis (Guerin-Meneville) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) | - | l-Octen-3-one, racemic 3-octanol, and 3-octanone | [30] |
| ii. | Zoophthora radicans (Brefeld) (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) | Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) | Brassica chinensis (L.) var. pekinensis (Rupr.) Sun. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae) | (Z)-ll-hexadecenal, (Z)-ll-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-ll-hexadecanol and (Xg BHT antioxidant (di-tertbutyl-4-methylphenol) in hexane | [31,32] |
| iii. | Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) | Cylas formicarius (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Brentidae) | - | - | [33] |
| Iv. | Verticillium lecanii ([Zimm.] Viégas) (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) | Phorodon humuli (Schrank) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) | Prunus domestica (L.) (Rosales: Rosaceae) | nepetalactol | [34] |
| v. | Beauveria bassiana | Plautia crossota stali (Scot) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) | Orchards | Aggregation pheromone | [35] |
| vi. | Zoophthora radicans | Plutella xylostella | Brassica oleracea (L.) (Brassicales: Brassicaceae) | Synthetic sex pheromone (1: 1 mix of (Z)-11-hexadecenal and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate) | [36] |
| vii. | Beauveria bassiana | Ips typographus | [37] | ||
| viii. | Beauveria bassiana | Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) | - | aggregation pheromone sordidin (Cosmolure®) | [38,39] |
| ix. | Metarhizium anisopliae ([Metchnikoff] Sorokin) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) | Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricius) (Ixodida: Ixodidae) | - | attraction-aggregation-attachment pheromone (AAAP), made up of o-nitrophenol, methyl salicylate and nonanoic acid in the ratio 2:1:8, 1-octen-3-ol and butyric acid with CO2 | [40,41] |
| x. | Metarhizium anisopliae | Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) | Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) var. Samantha (Fabales: Fabaceae). | Lurem-TR | [17] |
| xi. | Metarhizium brunneum (Petch) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) | Agriotes obscurus (L.) (Coleoptera: Elateridae) | - | (1 % wt/wt 1:1 geranyl hexanoate:geranyl octanoate | [42] |
| xii. | Metarhizium brunneum and Metarhizium anisopliae | Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) | Vigna unguiculata ([L.] Walp.) (Fabales: Fabaceae) | Lurem-TR, a commercial semiochemical (active ingredient is methyl-isonicotinate) | [43] |
| 4. | Entomopathogenic Nematodes | ||||
| i. | Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) (Rhabdita: Heterorhabditidae) | Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) | - | - | [44] |
| ii. | Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabdita: Steinernematidae) | Galleria mellonella | - | - | [45] |
| iii. | Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Rhabdita: Steinernematidae), Steinernema feltiae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora | Galleria mellonella | - | - | [46] |
| iv. | Steinernema feltiae and S Steinernema carpocapsae | Tenebrio molitor (L.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) | - | - | [47] |
| 5. | Entomopathogenic Virus | ||||
| i. | Baculoviruses [nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) (Baculoviridae) | Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) | - | - | [18,48] (references cited in Vega et al. [18]) |
| ii. | Baculoviruses (BV) Summer fruit totrix GV(AdorGV) | Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidopetra: Tortricidae), Adoxophyes orana (Fischer von Röslerstamm) (Lepidopetra: Tortricidae) | - | - | [49,50,51,52] |
| 6. | Protozoa | ||||
| i. | Mattesia trogodermae (Canning) (Neogregarinorida) Lipotrophidae | Trogoderma glabrum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) | - | synthetic sex pheromone, (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal | [53] |