Table 2.
MFCs for the removal of heavy metals from soil.
| Metal | MFC Fabrication | Reduction Reaction Description | Maximum RemovalEfficiency | Maximum Power Generation | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cu(II) | Single-chamber MFC Granular activated carbon for anode and cathode |
Cu 600 mg/kg, sodium acetate 6.00 g/L, pH = 7.0, 56 d |
N/A | 65.77 mW/m2 | [74] |
| Pb(II) and Cd(II) |
Two-chamber MFC, Graphite granules for anode, Carbon felt for cathode |
i. Pb(II) 910 mg/kg, 108 d; ii. Cd(II) 98 mg/kg, 143 d; acetate 1.36 g/L, pH = 6.7 |
i. 44.1% ii. 31.0% |
i. 3.6 mW/cm2 ii. 7.5 mW/cm2 |
[75] |
| Cr(VI) | Two-chamber MFC Carbon felts for anode, Carbon felts for cathode |
Cr(VI) 255 mg/kg in red clay soil, pH = 4.80; Cr(VI) 550 mg/kg in the fluvo-aquic soil, pH = 7.04; sodium acetate 2.00 g/L,16 d |
99.1% (in fluvo-aquic soil with 100 Ω) |
N/A | [76] |
| Zn(II) andCd(II) | Three-chamber MFC Graphite mat for anode, Graphite mesh/ Pt coated for cathode |
Zn(II) 11.6 g/kg, Cd(II) 0.84 g/kg, sodium acetate 2 g/L, 78 d, pH = 3.0 |
25% (Zn) 18% (Cd) |
0.4A/m2 | [77] |
| Cr(VI) | Single-chamber plant MFC Graphite granules for carbon, Carbon felt for cathode |
Cr(VI) 9.5mg/L and 19 mg/L sodium acetate 1 mM, Lolium perenne, 1/2 Hoagland’s solution, greenhouse |
99% | 55 mA/m2 | [16] |
| Cr(VI) | Single-chamber plant MFC Carbon felts or graphite carbon felts for the anode and the cathode |
Cr(IV) 500 mg/kg, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Phragmites communis greenhouse, 96 d |
99% | 469.21 mV | [78] |