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. 2019 Nov 28;9(12):1704. doi: 10.3390/nano9121704

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Characterization of electrochemical actuation of the bimorph actuator, when a 0.5 Hz square-wave voltage of 5 V was applied in 2 M potassium chloride solution. (a) Schematic diagram of the electrochemical actuation of the bimorph actuator. The CNT sponge/composite film as the working electrode, Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode and Pt plate as counter electrode. (b) The time dependence of applied potential (V, right axis) and resulting displacement (left axis) of the actuator. (c) Experimental photos of the actuation process. The displacement can reach up to 4 mm. (d) The actuator can be used as underwater robot kicking a ball.