Table 1.
Summary of characteristics of different SPATEs.
| SPATEs | Organism a | Biological Functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| EatA | ETEC | Enterotoxin | [54] |
| EspC | EPEC | Cytotoxin, Enterotoxin Cleavage of fodrin, hemoglobin, pepsin, coagulation factor V, translocator components (EspA/EspD) of T3SSCell rounding and cell detachment |
[41,55,56,57,58] |
| Pet | EAEC | Mucosal cytoxicity, Cleavage of spectrin, pepsin, factor V |
[25,41,59,60,61] |
| Pic | Shigella, EAEC | Serum resistance Mucinase, Hemagglutination Colonization, Cleavage of gelatin, factor V, O-glycans: PSGL-1, CD44, CD45, CD93 and CX3CL1 |
[39,41,42,52,62,63] |
| EspP | EHEC, STEC | Cleaved pepsin, factor V, apolipoprotein, complement factors: C3/C3b and C5 | [26,41,64,65,66] |
| Tsh/Hbp | APEC | Hemagglutinin, Binding to Caco-2 cells and to EMPs (laminin, fibronectin, and collagen IV) and heme Cleavage of mucin, factor V and O-glycosylated proteins in leukocyte |
[37,41,63,67] |
| Sha | APEC, UPEC | Autoaggregation, hemagglutination, biofilm formation, proteolytic activity on synthetic peptide: N-Succinyl-Ala-Ala-Ala-p-nitroanilide, adherence and cytopathic effects on bladder epithelial cell line | [31] |
| TleA | Binding to Caco-2 cells Cleavage of bovine submaxillary mucin, leukocyte surface glycoproteins CD45 and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 |
[68] | |
| Vat | APEC, UPEC | Vacuolating cytotoxin, Agglutinate leukocyte Cleavage of O-glycosylated proteins in leukocyte |
[46,63] |
| Sat | UPEC | Vacuolating cytotoxin on HK-2, HEp-2 and Vero monkey kidney cells Cleavage of casein, factor V and spectrin |
[41,45,69] |
| SepA | Shigella flexneri | Intestinal inflammation, proteolytic activity toward synthetic peptides: Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-pNA, Suc-Val-Pro-Phe-pNA and Suc-Phe-Leu-Phe-pNA |
[70,71] |
| SigA | Shigella flexneri | Cytotoxin, Cleavage of casein, recombinant human α II spectrin Cell rounding and cell detachment |
[72,73] |
| Boa | Salmonella bongori | Unknown | [74] |
| TagBC | UPEC, APEC | Autoaggregation, proteolytic effect on synthetic peptide: N-Benzoyl-L-arginine 4-nitroanilide cytopathic effect on human bladder cell lines | [31] |
a Bacteria known to produce these SPATEs. APEC, Avian pathogenic E. coli; DAEC, Diffuse Adhering E. coli; STEC, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli; UPEC, Uropathogenic E. coli; NMEC, Neonatal meningitis E. coli; EAEC, Enteroaggregative E. coli; EHEC, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli; EPEC, Enteropathogenic E. coli; ETEC, Enterotoxigenic E. coli.