Table 2.
Mixed Model Results Based on Normalized Data Using the Method Described in data Analysis. For More Detailed Information Refer to Table E1
| Significance Level Indicates | Health Status | Health Status/TP2 | Health Status/TP3 | Health Status/TP4 | FDR for Health Status Effect | Gender | TP2 | TP3 | TP4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difference Between Groups | Difference Between Groups in the Response to Exercise Relative to Difference Observed Before Exercise | Gender Difference | Difference Between the Level at the Respective Time Point Relative to Baseline Level (TP1, Before Exercise) | ||||||
| Lactate | *** | *** | *** | ||||||
| Pyruvate | *** | *** | *** | ||||||
| Succinate | *** | *** | * | *** | *** | * | |||
| α-KG | *** | ** | ** | * | * | *** | *** | ||
| Hexosea | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | ||||
| Acylcarnitines C0 | *** | ** | *** | ** | |||||
| Acylcarnitines C2 | * | ** | ** | ** | *** | *** | |||
| Acylcarnitines C3 | * | ** | |||||||
| Acylcarnitines C4 | ~ | ||||||||
| Acylcarnitines C16 | * | *** | * | ~ | |||||
| Acylcarnitines C18:1 | ** | ~ | * | *** | ** | ||||
| Total acylcamitines | * | ** | ** | *** | *** | *** | |||
| Total amino acids | * | *** | |||||||
| Alanine ALA | ** | *** | *** | *** | |||||
| Arginine ARG | ** | * | ** | ||||||
| Asparagine ASN | *** | ||||||||
| Citrulline CIT | ~ | * | * | * | ** | ** | |||
| Glutamine GLN | * | * | * | *** | |||||
| Glycine GLY | *** | ||||||||
| Histidine HIS | * | ~ | *** | ||||||
| Isoleucine ILE | ~ | * | ** | *** | * | * | *** | ||
| Leucine LEU | * | ** | ** | *** | ~ | *** | |||
| Lysine LYS | *** | ||||||||
| Methionine MET | ** | * | *** | ||||||
| Omithine ORN | ** | *** | |||||||
| Phenylalanine PHE | ** | ~ | *** | ||||||
| Proline PRO | ~ | ** | |||||||
| Serine SER | * | *** | |||||||
| Threonine THR | * | *** | |||||||
| Tryptophan TRP | * | *** | *** | ||||||
| Tyrosine TYR | ** | *** | |||||||
| Valine VAL | * | * | * | *** | |||||
| Aspartate ASP | ~ | *** | |||||||
| Glutamate GLU | ** | ** | ~ | * | |||||
| BCAA (LEU ILE VAL) | * | * | ** | *** | *** | ||||
| CIT/ARG | * | * | * | * | *** | ||||
| CIT/ORN | * | ** | * | * | *** | ||||
| Creatinine | * | *** | ~ | * | |||||
| Spermidine | * | * | *** | * | |||||
| Kynurenine | ~ | ** | |||||||
| Serotonin (5-HT) | ** | ~ | ~ | ||||||
| 5-HT/TRP | * | *** | ~ | * | *** | ||||
| Kynurenine/TRP | ~ | *** | ** | ||||||
Notes: a Sum of hexose, widely represented by glucose: 90–95%. ~: p<0.1 (trend), *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p <0.001.
Abbreviations: BCAA, branched-chain amino acids; α-KG, alpha-ketoglutarate; TP, time point; FDR, false discovery rate; health status: healthy smoker or COPD smoker.