. 2019 Nov 26;7(12):241. doi: 10.3390/sports7120241

Table 6.

Factors associated with potential doping. The continuous scaled variables that are marked. ‘^#’ were dichotomised by median, and post-hoc power analyses (Power) were performed.

Variable			Doping Prevalence ${\hat{π}}_{s}$ in % (Positive Answers after RRT)	SE ( ${\hat{π}}_{s}$ )	Power
Gender
female	Physical doping	n = 419	5.6	0.029	0.66
female	Cognitive doping	n = 437	13.2	0.031	1
male	Physical doping	n = 1381	7.5	0.016	1
male	Cognitive doping	n = 1428	8.3	0.016	1
A-level (German diploma, qualifies the holder for university admission)
yes	Physical doping	n = 1264	7.4	0.017	1
yes	Cognitive doping	n = 1306	12.0	0.018	1
no	Physical doping	n = 524	4.7	0.026	0.61
no	Cognitive doping	n = 547	2.7	0.025	0.32
Years doing endurance sports ^#
≤10 years	Physical doping	n = 963	6.3	0.019	0.96
≤10 years	Cognitive doping	n = 1000	8.0	0.019	1
>10 years	Physical doping	n = 658	9.4	0.024	1
>10 years	Cognitive doping	n = 679	10.4	0.024	1
Training in a group
yes	Physical doping	n = 907	5.4	0.02	0.89
yes	Cognitive doping	n = 936	11.2	0.021	1
no	Physical doping	n = 883	8.6	0.021	1
no	Cognitive doping	n = 918	8.0	0.02	1
Age ^#
≤39 years	Physical doping	n = 933	4.6	0.019	0.8
≤39 years	Cognitive doping	n = 956	10.0	0.02	1
>39 years	Physical doping	n = 844	8.9	0.022	1
>39 years	Cognitive doping	n = 885	8.7	0.021	1
Competition performed within the last 12 months
yes	Physical doping	n = 1523	7.8	0.016	1
yes	Cognitive doping	n = 1577	8.6	0.016	1
no	Physical doping	n = 280	2.8	0.034	0.22
no	Cognitive doping	n = 284	15.0	0.039	1
Use of legal/freely available substances
yes	Physical doping	n = 554	7.7	0.026	0.93
yes	Cognitive doping	n = 574	9.4	0.026	0.98
no	Physical doping	n = 1239	6.7	0.017	1
no	Cognitive doping	n = 1284	9.4	0.017	1
Use of analgesics during the last three months
yes	Physical doping	n = 198	11.8	0.045	0.88
yes	Cognitive doping	n = 209	13.5	0.056	0.84
no	Physical doping	n = 1605	6.4	0.015	1
no	Cognitive doping	n = 1659	9.0	0.015	1
Overall hours of training per week ^#
≤8 h	Physical doping	n = 995	8.0	0.02	1
≤8 h	Cognitive doping	n = 1028	13.4	0.02	1
>8 h	Physical doping	n = 807	5.1	0.021	0.82
>8 h	Cognitive doping	n = 839	4.7	0.02	0.78