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RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways: current tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) under clinical trials. Abbreviations—ERK: extracellular-signal regulated kinases; MEK: mitogen-activated and extracellular-signal regulated kinase; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; RAF: Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma protein; RAS: retrovirus-associated DNA sequences protein; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.
