Table 1.

Biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials for determination of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarkers.

Transducer	Detection Technique	Analyte	Sample	Limit of Detection (nM *)	Ref.
Carbon Nanotubes
CNTs-MESFET/Au strip/Antibodies	Electrical conductance	Aβ42	Human Serum	2.2 × 10−4 *	[44]
GCE/SWCNTs-ABTS-PDDA/NKB	DPV	Cu2+ Aβ42	Buffer, Blood and Hippocampus of rats	Cu2+—40 Aβ42—0.11 *	[45]
GCE/MWCNTs/AuNPs/Gelsolin/Analyte/AuNPs-Gelsolin-HRP	DPV	Aβ40/Aβ42	Buffer, CSF and brain tissue of rats	0.028	[46]
Prism/Au/Antibodies/Analyte/MWCNTs-secondary antibodies	SPR	Tau protein	aCSF	0.125	[47]
Graphene
ITO/graphene-QDs/curcumin/DNA probe	DPV and Fluorescence detection	ApoE4 DNA	Buffer and Human blood plasma	DPV—2.18 ** Fluorescence detection—12.4 **	[48]
GCE/GSHs/DNA probe	DPV	ApoE DNA	Buffer	1 × 10−5	[49]
FET/rGO/Antibodies	Impedance	Aβ	Buffer	1 × 10−6	[50]

* Value expressed in μg mL⁻¹/ng mL⁻¹/pg mL⁻¹ and converted to nM. ** The results were not possible to convert into molar units, and are thus displayed in pg mL⁻¹. aCSF, Artificial cerebrospinal fluid; CNTs-MESFET, Carbon nanotubes film-based metal semiconductor field effect transistor; CSF, Cerebrospinal fluid; DPV, Differential pulse voltammetry; FET, Field effect transistor; GCE, Glassy carbon electrode; GSHs, Mesoporous graphene silica hybrids; HRP, Horeseradish peroxidase; ITO, Indium tin oxide; MWCNTs, Multi-walled carbon nanotubes; NKB, Neurokinin B; QDs, Quantum dots; rGO, Reduced graphene oxide; SPR, Surface plasmon resonance; SWCNTs-ABTS-PDDA, 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate)-poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)-bi functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes composite.