. 2019 Dec 1;11(12):639. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120639

Table 3.

Solubilities and skin permeation parameters of curcumin in control vehicles and NEs (mean ± 90% CI, n = 4). The formulations are defined in Table 1 and Table 2.

Control Vehicle	S_V (mg/mL)	J_SS (µg/cm²/h)	J_max (µg/cm²/h)	S_SC (mg/mL)	k_p (cm/h.1E5)	*D (cm/h.1E5)**	k_SC
C1	0.7 ± 0.1	0.005 ± 0.001	0.005 ± 0.001	0.12 ± 0.01	0.80 ± 0.15	4.2 ± 0.8	0.18 ± 0.02
C2	16.3 ± 1.3	0.020 ± 0.005	0.050 ± 0.016	3.10 ± 0.56	0.30 ± 0.01	1.6 ± 1.0	0.19 ± 0.03
C3	3.7 ± 0.1	0.007 ± 0.001	0.007 ± 0.001	0.37 ± 0.06	0.19 ± 0.02	2.0 ± 1.0	0.10 ± 0.02
C4	1.7 ± 0.1	0.015 ± 0.004	0.015 ± 0.004	0.26 ± 0.06	0.88 ± 0.24	5.7 ± 1.6	0.15 ± 0.04
C5	0.8 ± 0.1	0.008 ± 0.002	0.008 ± 0.002	0.11 ± 0.01	0.92 ± 0.18	7.0 ± 1.4	0.13 ± 0.02
Ce	0.8 ± 0.1	0.210 ± 0.020	0.210 ± 0.020	1.00 ± 0.20	26.0 ± 2.50	21.0 ± 2.0	1.24 ± 0.19
Nanoemulsion	S_V (mg/mL) ^a	J_SS (µg/cm²/h)	J_max (µg/cm²/h) ^a	S_SC (mg/mL) ^a	k_p (cm/h.1E5)	*D (cm/h.1E5)**	k_SC	ER
N1	58.3 ± 5.90	0.33 ± 0.08	3.90 ± 1.00	4.30 ± 0.70	6.6 ± 1.9	89.0 ± 25.0	0.07 ± 0.01	18.6
N2	51.9 ± 2.0	0.12 ± 0.03	1.26 ± 0.36	6.00 ± 0.92	2.4 ± 0.7	21.0 ± 6.0	0.12 ± 0.02	6.0
N3	26.7 ± 0.3	0.49 ± 0.11	2.32 ± 0.52	8.70 ± 0.41	9.1 ± 2.0	30.0 ± 6.7	0.33 ± 0.02	11.0
N4	51.2 ± 4.7	0.46 ± 0.10	4.66 ± 1.00	6.20 ± 0.70	9.8 ± 2.2	75.0 ± 17.0	0.12 ± 0.01	22.2
N5	14.4 ± 0.8	0.23 ± 0.06	0.67 ± 0.18	6.13 ± 0.34	4.7 ± 1.3	11.0 ± 3.0	0.43 ± 0.02	3.2
N6	13.8 ± 0.2	0.19 ± 0.03	0.52 ± 0.07	5.95 ± 0.29	3.8 ± 0.5	9.0 ± 1.2	0.43 ± 0.02	2.5
N7	10.8 ± 0.1	2.66 ± 0.31	5.80 ± 0.67	3.60 ± 0.34	53.3 ± 6.3	161.0 ± 19.0	0.33 ± 0.03	27.6
N8	18.6 ± 0.2	1.19 ± 0.15	4.42 ± 0.57	4.30 ± 0.55	23.8 ± 3.1	103.0 ± 13.0	0.23 ± 0.03	21.0
N9	13.8 ± 0.1	0.26 ± 0.01	0.70 ± 0.01	7.39 ± 0.53	5.1 ± 0.1	9.5 ± 0.2	0.54 ± 0.04	3.3
N10	10.9 ± 0.7	0.37 ± 0.04	0.81 ± 0.09	6.83 ± 0.65	7.0 ± 0.8	11.8 ± 1.3	0.63 ± 0.06	3.9

^ap < 0.0001 for N1-N10 compared to 60% ethanol (Ce). ER represents the enhancement ratio of J_max for NE formulations compared to Ce.