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XCL1 induces permeabilization of E. coli ML35 cells with kinetics comparable to the α-defensin Defa4. E. coli ML35 cells were exposed to 1.5 μM of either Defa4 or XCL1 and changes in absorbance at 405 nm were monitored every minute for 1 h. An increase in absorbance is indicative of ONPG hydrolysis upon contact with β-galactosidase within permeabilized cells.
