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. 2020 Jan 5;2020(1):CD012547. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012547.pub2

Comparison 3. Combined dietary and physical activity interventions with a caregiver component versus interventions without a caregiver component.

Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size
1 Children's dietary intake—total energy intake: end of intervention 3 440 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 14.45 [‐117.20, 146.10]
2 Children's dietary intake—total energy intake: all intervention time points 3   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.1 < 3 months 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.2 > 6 months to ≤ 1 year 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.3 > 1 year to ≤ 2 years 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
2.4 > 2 years to ≤ 3 years 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
3 Children's dietary intake—total energy intake: follow‐up time points 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
4 Children's dietary intake—percentage energy from fat: end of intervention 4 563 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.17 [‐0.65, 3.00]
5 Children's dietary intake—percentage energy from fat: all intervention time points 4   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
5.1 < 3 months 1 70 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.17 [‐3.87, 4.21]
5.2 > 6 months to ≤ 1 year 2 405 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.58 [‐2.14, 3.30]
5.3 > 1 year to ≤ 2 years 1 283 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 3.12 [‐0.79, 7.03]
5.4 > 2 years to ≤ 3 years 1 151 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.45 [‐2.49, 3.39]
6 Children's dietary intake—percentage energy from fat: follow‐up time point 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
7 Children's dietary intake—percentage energy from saturated fat: end of intervention (includes all intervention time points) 2 216 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.06 [‐0.67, 0.80]
7.1 > 6 months to ≤ 1 year 1 59 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.10 [‐0.75, 0.95]
7.2 > 2 years to ≤ 3 years 1 157 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.04 [‐1.46, 1.38]
8 Children's dietary intake—percentage energy from saturated fat: follow‐up time point 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
9 Children's dietary intake—percentage energy from carbohydrates: end of intervention (includes all intervention time points) 2 266 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.88 [‐3.49, 1.74]
9.1 < 3 months 1 70 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.92 [‐5.73, 3.89]
9.2 > 2 years to ≤ 3 years 1 196 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.86 [‐3.98, 2.26]
10 Children's dietary intake—percentage energy from carbohydrates: follow‐up time point 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
11 Children's dietary intake—percentage energy from protein: end of intervention (includes all intervention time points) 2 241 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.45 [‐0.80, 1.69]
11.1 < 3 months 1 70 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.77 [‐1.66, 3.20]
11.2 > 2 years to ≤ 3 years 1 171 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.33 [‐1.12, 1.78]
12 Children's dietary intake—percentage energy from protein: follow‐up time point 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
13 Children's dietary intake—sodium intake: end of intervention (includes all intervention time points) 2 315 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 35.94 [‐322.60, 394.47]
13.1 < 3 months 1 70 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 70.27 [‐743.71, 884.25]
13.2 > 2 to ≤ 3 years 1 245 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 27.67 [‐371.70, 427.04]
14 Children's dietary intake—sodium intake: follow‐up time point 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
15 Children's dietary intake—fruit and vegetable intake: end of intervention 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
16 Children's dietary intake—fruit and vegetable intake: all intervention time points 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
16.1 > 6 months to ≤ 1 year 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
16.2 > 1 year to ≤ 2 years 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
16.3 > 2 years to ≤ 3 years 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
17 Children's dietary intake—fruit intake: end of intervention 2 417 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.23 [0.03, 0.43]
18 Children's dietary intake—fruit intake: all intervention time points 2   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
18.1 > 6 months to ≤ 1 year 2 483 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.19 [0.01, 0.38]
18.2 > 1 year to ≤ 2 years 1 358 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.10 [‐0.11, 0.31]
19 Children's dietary intake—vegetable intake: end of intervention (includes all intervention time points) 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
20 Children's dietary intake—sugar‐sweetened beverage intake: end of intervention 3 651 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.28 [‐0.44, ‐0.12]
21 Children's dietary intake—sugar‐sweetened beverage intake: all intervention time points 3   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
21.1 > 6 months to ≤ 1 year 3 799 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.25 [‐0.39, ‐0.11]
21.2 > 1 year to ≤ 2 years 2 630 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.21 [‐0.45, 0.03]
21.3 > 2 years to ≤ 3 years 1 134 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.23 [‐0.58, 0.12]
22 Children's dietary intake—water intake: end of intervention 3 600 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.08 [‐0.24, 0.09]
23 Children's dietary intake—water intake: all intervention time points 3   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
23.1 > 6 months to ≤ 1 year 2 610 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.06 [‐0.10, 0.22]
23.2 > 1 year to ≤ 2 years 2 518 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.03 [‐0.15, 0.20]
23.3 > 2 years to ≤ 3 years 2 254 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.18 [‐0.43, 0.07]
24 Children's physical activity levels—total physical activity: end of intervention 2 573 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.81 [‐15.18, 18.80]
25 Children's physical activity levels—total physical activity: all intervention time points 2   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
25.1 > 6 months to ≤ 1 year 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
25.2 > 1 year to ≤ 2 years 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
25.3 > 2 years to ≤ 3 years 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
26 Children's physical activity levels—total physical activity: follow‐up time points 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
26.1 > 6 months to ≤ 1 year 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
26.2 > 1 year to ≤ 2 years 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
26.3 > 2 years to ≤ 3 years 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
27 Children's physical activity levels—moderate to vigorous physical activity: end of intervention 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
28 Children's physical activity levels—moderate to vigorous physical activity: all intervention time points 2   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
28.1 > 6 months to ≤ 1 year 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
28.2 > 2 years to ≤ 3 years 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
29 Children's physical activity levels—moderate to vigorous physical activity: follow‐up time points 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
29.1 > 6 months to ≤ 1 year 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
29.2 > 1 year to ≤ 2 years 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
29.3 > 2 years to ≤ 3 years 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
30 Children's physical activity levels—light physical activity: end of intervention 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
31 Children's physical activity levels—light physical activity: all intervention time points 2   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
31.1 > 6 months to ≤ 1 year 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
31.2 > 2 years to ≤ 3 years 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
32 Children's physical activity levels—light physical activity: follow‐up time points 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
32.1 > 6 months to ≤ 1 year 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
32.2 > 1 year to ≤ 2 years 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
32.3 > 2 years to ≤ 3 years 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
33 Children's physical activity levels—weight‐bearing physical activity: follow‐up time point 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
34 Children's physical activity levels—steps: end of intervention 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
35 Children's physical activity levels—steps: all intervention time points 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
35.1 1 week 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
35.2 2 weeks 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
35.3 3 weeks 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
35.4 4 weeks 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
36 Children's sedentary behavior—sedentary behavior: end of intervention (includes all intervention time points) 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
37 Children's sedentary behavior—sedentary behavior: follow‐up time points 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
37.1 > 6 months to ≤ 1 year 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
37.2 > 1 year to ≤ 2 years 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
37.3 > 2 years to ≤ 3 years 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]
38 Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children—prevalence: end of intervention 3 1866 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.02 [0.89, 1.17]
39 Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children—prevalence: all intervention time points 3   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
39.1 > 6 months to ≤ 1 year 2 641 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.02 [0.80, 1.30]
39.2 > 1 year to ≤ 2 years 2 590 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.98 [0.76, 1.27]
39.3 > 2 years to ≤ 3 years 2 1448 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.02 [0.88, 1.18]
40 Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children—prevalence: follow‐up time point 1   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected
41 Children's body mass index or weight‐for‐height parameter—body mass index: end of intervention 4 1861 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.05 [‐0.04, 0.15]
42 Children's body mass index or weight‐for‐height parameter—body mass index: all intervention time points 4   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
42.1 < 3 months 1 72 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.20 [‐0.26, 0.66]
42.2 > 6 months to ≤ 1 year 2 612 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.01 [‐0.17, 0.15]
42.3 > 1 year to ≤ 2 years 2 517 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.04 [‐0.21, 0.14]
42.4 > 2 years to ≤ 3 years 2 1444 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.07 [‐0.03, 0.18]
43 Children's body mass index or weight‐for‐height parameter—body mass index: follow‐up time point 1   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Totals not selected