Table 3.

In-corpus (IC) performance, measured by F₁-score, of the baseline (BL) BiLSTM-CRF compared to a BiLSTM-CRF trained with transfer learning (TL)

		BL		TL
Entity	Corpus	Average	σ	Average	σ
Chemicals	BC4CHEMD	88.46	0.61	88.98	0.63
	BC5CDR	92.82	0.80	92.20	0.86
	CRAFT	84.98	1.98	85.80	1.74
Disease	BC5CDR	84.49	0.33	84.41	0.24
	NCBI-disease	87.01	1.17	87.66	0.86
	Variome	85.75	2.83	86.69	3.03
Species	CRAFT	96.28	2.21	96.55	1.72
	Linnaeus	89.44	3.91	90.72	4.90
	S800	72.75	2.42	74.93	3.27
Genes/proteins	BC2GM	81.48	0.48	80.65*	0.57
	CRAFT	84.46	6.08	85.50	4.59
	JNLPBA	80.92	2.50	81.56	2.73

Note: The TL model was pre-trained on the CALBC-Small-III corpus. IC performance is derived from 5-fold cross-validation, using exact matching criteria. Statistical significance is measured through a two-tailed t-test. Bold, best scores, σ, standard deviation.

^*Significantly different than the BL (P ≤ 0.05).