Figure 4.

Common causes of ROS accumulation that lead to DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, HSC activation, mitochondrial dysfunction or Kupffer cells dysfunction. Increased ROS-mediated DNA damage and lipid peroxidation cause chronic hepatitis, some chronic hepatitis goes to cirrhosis, and some cirrhosis gradually evolves into liver cancer. In some disease states (such as sepsis/hepatic failure), a sharp rise in ROS in the liver can cause systemic immune activation, which in turn damages distant organs.