Table 2.
NP-antioxidants and nano-antioxidants currently used in research and preclinical experiments.
| Antioxidants | Source | Major activity | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) |
Red grape skin, Japanese knotweed (polygonum cuspidatum), peanuts, blueberries and some other berries |
Anticarcinogenic activity: Inhibits mammary carcinogenesis Anti-mutagenic and anticancer Induces human promyelocytic leukemia cell differentiation Inhibits cyclooxygenase and hydroperoxide functions Anti-proliferation and inhibit viability of human breasts epithelial cells in vitro Anti-initiation, anti-promotion, and anti-progression of tumors Antioxidant: Resveratrol-mediated inhibition was specific for the cyclooxygenase activity of COX-1 Inhibits reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) generation and lipid peroxidation induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) Inhibits zymosan-induced oxygen radical production in murine macrophages and human monocytes and neutrophils Inhibits free-radical formation and cyclooxygenase activity Anti-inflammatory: Inhibits ROS and COX, and efficacy in skin and mammary animal models of tumorigenesis Anti-thrombotic activities: Selective estrogen receptor agonists and antagonists |
185-188 | |
| Genipin (GP) | Gardenia plant |
Anticarcinogenic activity: Suppressing UCP2, intracellular pyruvic acid, and mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase Chemo-preventive effect Cross-linking agent, drug delivery agent Natural availability, low cytotoxicity Protective effect: Hepatoprotective effect Ameliorate hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury, steatosis, autoimmune hepatitis, and fibrosis in rodents Ameliorates Galn/LPS induced hepatocellular damage by suppressing necroptosis-mediated inflammasome signaling |
189-191 | |
| Silymarin Silychristin |
Silybinin |
Antioxidant activity: Free radicals scavenging activity Cancer growth inhibition Lipid radical scavenger Anti-lipid oxidation, Anti-fibrosis Regulating Glutathione level |
71, 73, 192, 193 | |
| Pomegranate (PE) | Pomegranate fruit & flower |
Anticarcinogenic activity: Anti-cancer activity (against DENA-induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis) Antioxidant: Free radicals scavenging activity Alleviate lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation |
69, 70, 194, 195 | |
| Pyrroloquinoline quinone | Some microorganism plant & animal tissues |
Antioxidant:
Oxidative stress suppression Protective effect: Hepatoprotective activity (anti-fibrosis) |
63, 64 | |
| Bilirubin | The final metabolite of the heme catabolic pathway |
Antioxidant:
Anti-inflammatory Scavenger of various ROS |
154, 179, 180 | |