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. 2017 Dec 1;70(2):129–137. doi: 10.1007/s11837-017-2664-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 2 — (a) Optical scanning image of an alpha-case covered Ti-6Al-4V foil (right) before and (left) after electro-reduction in molten CaCl₂ at 3.0 V and 950°C for 1 h. (b) Reactor and electrolytic cell for removal of the alpha-case on titanium and alloys in molten CaCl₂, showing (left) a sample suspended in molten salt and (right) more samples placed at the bottom of the crucible.

Reprinted from69 with permission