Table 1.
Sociodemographic, Clinical, Biochemical, Anthropometric Characteristics of the Population Studied in Viçosa, Minas Gerais in 2018 and Univariate Analysis
| Total Population | CKD | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |||
| Sex£ | 0.321 | |||
| Male | 294 (37.3%) | 50 (17.0%) | 244 (83.0%) | |
| Female | 494 (62.7%) | 71 (14.4%) | 423 (85.6%) | |
| Age# | 62 (54–69) | 66 (58–74) | 62 (53–68) | <0.001c |
| Civil Status£ | 0.570 | |||
| Single | 78 (10.4%) | 11 (14.1%) | 67 (85.9%) | |
| Married/Friends | 470 (62.7%) | 74 (15.7%) | 396 (84.3%) | |
| Separated/Shacked | 71 (9.5%) | 7 (9.9%) | 64 (90.1%) | |
| Widower | 131 (17.5%) | 22 (16.8%) | 109 (83.2%) | |
| Color£ | 0.354 | |||
| Black | 173 (23.3%) | 21 (12.1%) | 152 (87.9%) | |
| Brown/Yellow/Indigenous | 325 (43.9%) | 50 (15.4%) | 275 (84.6%) | |
| White | 243 (32.8%) | 42 (17.3%) | 201 (82.7%) | |
| Education (years of study)$ | 4 (3–6) | 4 (2–6) | 4 (3–7) | 0.253 |
| Tobacco£ | 0.006a | |||
| Smoker | 86 (11.7%) | 4 (4.7%) | 82 (95.3%) | |
| Ex-smoker | 218 (29.7%) | 42 (19.3%) | 176 (80.7%) | |
| Never smoked | 431 (58.6%) | 66 (15.3%) | 365 (84.7%) | |
| Alcohol£ | 0.407 | |||
| Yes | 205 (27.8%) | 27 (13.2%) | 178 (86.8%) | |
| No | 532 (72.2%) | 83 (15.6%) | 449 (84.4%) | |
| Base Disease | <0.001ª | |||
| Hypertension | 440 (55.8%) | 45 (10.2%) | 395 (89.8%) | |
| Diabetes | 62 (7.9%) | 8 (12.9%) | 54 (87.1%) | |
| Hypertension and Diabetes | 286 (36.3%) | 68 (23.8%) | 218 (76.2%) | |
| Heart Attack£ | 0.119 | |||
| Yes | 42 (5.7%) | 10 (23.8%) | 32 (76.2%) | |
| No | 693 (94.8%) | 103 (14.9%) | 590 (85.1%) | |
| Stroke£ | 0.268 | |||
| Yes | 48 (6.5%) | 10 (20.8%) | 38 (79.2%) | |
| No | 692 (93.5%) | 103 (14.9%) | 589 (85.1%) | |
| Number of drugs used $ | 3 (1–4) | 3 (1–5) | 2 (1–4) | 0.117 |
| Glycosylated hemoglobin (mg/dL)$ | 6.0 (5.6–7.1) | 6.6 (5.9–7.8) | 6.0 (5.6–6.8) | <0.001b |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL)# | 191.0 (40.5) | 191.4 (39.6) | 191.4 (39.6) | 0.527 |
| LDL-c (mg/dL)$ | 107.0 (87.2–132.6) | 101.4 (81.0–134.2) | 107.6 (88.0–132.4) | 0.179 |
| VLDL-c (mg/dL)$ | 25.2 (19.0–34.6) | 26.4 (17.6–36.4) | 25.0 (19.0–34.0) | 0.664 |
| Serum phosphorus (mg/dL)$ | 3.4 (3.0–3.8) | 3.5 (3.1–3.8) | 3.4 (3.0–3.8) | 0.184 |
| Calcium (mg/dL)$ | 9.5 (9.3–9.8) | 9.5 (9.3–9.8) | 9.5 (9.2–9.7) | 0.188 |
| Serum albumin (mg/dL)# | 4.4 (0.28) | 4.4 (0.39) | 4.5 (0.26) | 0.001 b |
| MetS£ | 0.013ª | |||
| Yes | 515 (65.4%) | 91 (17.7%) | 424 (82.3%) | |
| No | 273 (34.6%) | 30 (11.0%) | 243 (89.0%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2)$ | 28.3 (25.2–32.1) | 29.3 (25.0–32.7) | 28.3 (25.3–32.0) | 0.469 |
| Central obesity (measured by WC in cm)# | 93.77 (11.4) | 97.05 (12.4) | 93.18 (11.0) | 0.001c |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)$ | 130.0 (120.0–140.0) | 136.0 (124.0–150.0) | 130.0 (120.0–140.0) | 0.003 b |
| Diastolic pressure (mmHg)$ | 80.0 (80.0–90.0) | 80.0 (80.0–90.0) | 80.0 (80.0–90.0) | 0.245 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)$ | 98.0 (88.0–129.0) | 107.0 (90.0–141.0) | 97.0 (87.0–125.0) | 0.021 b |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)$ | 126.0 (95.0–175.0) | 134.0 (90.0–189.0) | 125.0 (95.0–171.0) | 0.372 |
| HDL-c (mg/dL)$ | 49.0 (41.0–59.0) | 46.0 (41.0–53.0) | 49.0 (41.0–60.0) | 0.019b |
Notes: £number and percentage; $median and interquartile range; #mean and standard deviation; astatistically significant p-value by Pearson’s Chi-square test; bp-value statistically significant by the Mann–Whitney U-test; cp-value statistically significant by the Student’s t-test.
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; MetS, metabolic syndrome; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL-c, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference.