Table 2. Details of included studies.
CAR = Central African Republic; ART = antiretroviral therapy; UTI = urinary tract infection; NR = not reported. yr = year; m = months, d = days, hr = hours. * = mean rather than media.
| Study | Year
Pub. |
Study
Period |
Country | Study
Type |
Inclusion
Population: details |
Age
group |
Median
age |
n |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COMMUNITY STUDIES | ||||||||
| Albrechtova 2012 | 2012 | 2009 | Kenya | Cross sec. | General population | Adults | NR | 23 |
| Mshana 2016 | 2016 | 2014 | Tanzania | Cross sec. | General population | both | 10yr | 334 |
| Katakweba 2018 | 2018 | 2011–13 | Tanzania | Cross sec. | General population | Adults | NR | 70 |
| Ruppe 2009 | 2009 | NR | Senegal | Cross sec. | Special population (remote villages) | Children | 6.9yr * | 20 |
| Lonchel 2012 | 2012 | 2009 | Cameroon | Cross sec. | Special population (students) | Adults | 24.7yr * | 150 |
| Chereau 2015 | 2015 | 2013–14 | Madagascar | Cross sec. | Special population (pregnant women) | Adults | 26yr * | 356 |
| Farra 2016 | 2016 | 2013 | CAR | Cross sec. | Special population (healthy controls in a
diarrhoea study) |
Children | 10.5m | 134 |
| Ribeiro 2016 | 2016 | 2013 | Angola | Cross sec. | Special population (no antibiotics/hospital
exposure last 3 mo) |
Adults | NR | |
| Tellevik 2016 | 2016 | 2010–11 | Tanzania | Cross sec. | Special population: <2yr attending health
centre for vaccine |
Children | NR | 250 |
| Moremi 2017 | 2017 | 2015 | Tanzania | Cross sec. | Special population (street children) | Children | 14.2yr * | 107 |
| Chirindze 2018 | 2018 | 2016 | Mozambique | Cross sec. | Special population (Students in the
community) |
Adults | NR | 275 |
| Sanneh 2018 | 2018 | 2015 | The Gambia | Cross sec. | Special population (Food handlers in schools) | Adults | 37yr * | 565 |
| HOSPITAL OUTPATIENTS | ||||||||
| Herindrainy 2011 | 2011 | 2009 | Madagascar | Cross sec. | Outpatients | Adults | NR | 306 |
| Lonchel 2012 | 2012 | 2009 | Cameroon | Cross sec. | Outpatients | Adults | 36.9yr * | 208 |
| Magoue 2013 | 2013 | 2010 | Cameroon | Cross sec. | Outpatients | Adults | NR | 232 |
| Outpatients | Children | NR | 147 | |||||
| Djuikoue 2016 | 2016 | 2011–12 | Cameroon | Cross sec. | Special population (outpatient women with
susp. UTI) |
Adults | NR | 86 |
| Wilmore 2017 | 2017 | 2014–15 | Zimbabwe | Cross sec. | Special population (outpatient, HIV infected,
stable on ART) |
Children | 11yr | 175 |
| Herindrainy 2018 | 2018 | 2015–16 | Madagascar | Cross sec. | Special population (Pregnant women at
delivery) |
Adults | 26yr * | 275 |
| Stanley 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | Uganda | Cross sec. | Special population (participants who reared
animals, attending health facility with a fever and/or diarrhoea but without malaria) |
both | 21.7yr * | 300 |
| ON HOSPITAL ADMISSION | ||||||||
| Andriatahina 2010 | 2010 | 2008 | Madagascar | Cohort | On hospital admission | Children | 38.3m | 244 |
| Kurz 2016 | 2016 | 2014 | Rwanda | Cohort | On hospital admission | both | 29yr | 753 |
| Magwenzi 2017 | 2017 | 2015 | Zimbabwe | Cohort | On hospital admission | Children | 1.0yr | 164 |
| Founou 2018 | 2018 | 2017 | South Africa | Cohort | On hospital admission | Adults | NR | 43 |
| Moremi 2018 | 2018 | 2014–15 | Tanzania | Cohort | On hospital admission | Adults | NR | 930 |
| Woerther 2011 | 2011 | 2007–08 | Niger | Cohort | Special population (Children with SAM) | Children | 16.3m * | 55 |
| Isendahl 2012 | 2012 | 2010 | Guinea-
Bissau |
Cross sec. | Special population (Children att. hospital w/
fever or tachycardia) |
Children | NR | 408 |
| Nelson 2014 | 2014 | 2013 | Tanzania | Cohort | Special population (Pregnant women and
neonates, inpatient) |
Neonate | 0d | 126 |
| Adults | 26.5yr * | 113 | ||||||
| INPATIENTS | ||||||||
| Lonchel 2013 | 2013 | 2009 | Cameroon | Cross sec. | Inpatients | Adults | 46.8yr * | 121 |
| Magoue 2013 | 2013 | 2010 | Cameroon | Cross sec. | Inpatients | Adults | NR | 208 |
| Schaumburg
2013 |
2013 | 2010–11 | Gabon | Cross sec. | Inpatients | Children | NR | 200 |
| Desta 2016 | 2016 | 2012 | Ethiopia | Cross sec. | Inpatients | Adults | 35yr | 154 |
| Inpatients | Children | 7yr | 94 | |||||
| Inpatients | Neonate | 9d | 19 | |||||
| Tellevik 2016 | 2016 | 2010–11 | Tanzania | Cross sec. | Inpatients | Children | NR | 353 |
| Nikema
Pessinaba 2018 |
2018 | 2015–16 | Togo | Cross sec. | Special population (<5yr with febrile
gastroenteritis) |
Children | NR | 81 |
| Marando 2018 | 2018 | 2016 | Tanzania | Cross sec. | Special population (Neonates with sepsis) | Neonate | 6d | 304 |
| OTHER | ||||||||
| Tande 2009 | 2009 | 2003 | Mali | Cross sec. | Orphanage children | Children | NR | 38 |
| Orphanage staff | Adults | NR | 30 | |||||
| Magoue 2013 | 2013 | 2010 | Cameroon | Cross sec. | Hospital workers and their families | Adults | NR | 87 |
| Relatives and carers of inpatients | Adults | NR | 63 | |||||