Table 3.
List of the performance reported in the studies included regarding automatic localization of cephalometric landmarks
| Author (year) | Automatic localization | Manual localization | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean deviation (SD) or median deviation (IQR) on all landmarks/measurements | Range of the deviation on all landmarks/measurements | Successful localization rates based on different precision ranges | Mean deviation (SD) on all landmarks/measurements | Range of the deviation on all landmarks/measurements | |
| Rudolph48 (1998) | 3.07 mm (3.09 mm) | 1.85 mm-5.67 mm | NA | 3.09 mm (4.76 mm) | 1.99 mm-4.93 mm |
| Liu49 (2000) | 2.86 mm (1.24 mm) | 0.94 mm-5.28 mm | NA | 1.48 mm (0.59 mm) | 0.63 mm-2.57 mm |
| Hutton50 (2000) | 4.09 mm | 2.7 mm-7.3 mm | 13% (deviation <1 mm); 35% (deviation <2 mm); 74% (deviation <5 mm) |
NA | NA |
| Grau51 (2001) | 1.1 mm | 0.39 mm-1.92 mm | NA | NA | NA |
| Rueda52 (2006) | 2.48 mm (1.66 mm) | 1.52 mm-3.88 mm | 50.04% (deviation <2 mm); 72.62% (deviation <3 mm); 91.44% (deviation <5 mm) |
NA | NA |
| Sommer75 (2009) | 1.26 ° /semi-automatic 8.00 ° /fully automatic |
0.53 °−3.35 ° /semi-automatic 2.83 °−15.00 ° /fully automatic |
NA | NA | NA |
| Leonardi53 (2009) | NA | 0.003 mm-0.596 mm | NA | NA | NA |
| Vucinic54 (2010) | 1.68 mm | 1.07 mm-3.27 mm | 28% (deviation <1 mm); 61% (deviation <2 mm); 95% (deviation <5 mm) |
0.49 mm | 0.14 mm-1.07 mm |
| Cheng65 (2011) | 3.15 mm | 0.84 mm-6.27 mm | NA | NA | NA |
| Shahidi55 (2013) | 2.59 mm (3.45 mm) | 1.71 mm-4.44 mm | 12.5% (deviation <1 mm); 43.75% (deviation <2 mm); 93.75% (deviation <4 mm); 100% (deviation <5 mm) |
NA | NA |
| Shahidi58 (2014) | 3.40 mm | 3.00 mm-3.86 mm | 63.57% (deviation <3 mm) | 1.41 mm | 0.59 mm-2.15 mm |
| Gupta59 (2015) | 2.01 mm (1.23 mm) | 1.17 mm-3.20 mm | 64.67% (deviation <2 mm); 82.67% (deviation <3 mm); 90.33% (deviation <4 mm) |
NA | NA |
| Gupta60 (2016) | 1.60 mm /3 landmarks 1.28 mm /28 linear measurements 0.94 ° /16 angular measurements |
1.52 mm-1.70 mm /3 landmarks 0.46 mm-2.63 mm /28 linear measurements 0.37 °−2.12 ° /16 angular measurements |
NA | NA | NA |
| Lindner56 (2016) | 1.20 mm (0.06 mm) | 0.65 mm-2.69 mm | 84.70% (deviation <2 mm); 89.38% (deviation <2.5 mm); 92.62% (deviation <3 mm) 96.30% (deviation <4 mm) |
NA | NA |
| Arik57 (2017) | NA | NA | 67.68–75.58% (deviation <2 mm); 74.16–81.26% (deviation <2.5 mm); 79.11–84.68% (deviation <3 mm) 84.63–88.25% (deviation <4 mm) |
NA | NA |
| Codari61 (2017) | 1.99 mm (1.22 mm, 2.89 mm) | 1.40 mm-4.00 mm | 63% (deviation <2.5 mm); 90% (deviation <5 mm) |
NA | NA |
| Montufar62 (2018) | 3.64 mm (1.43 mm) | 1.62 mm-9.72 mm | NA | NA | NA |
| Montufar63 (2018) | 2.51 mm (1.60 mm) | 1.46 mm-3.72 mm | NA | NA | NA |
| Neelapu64 (2018) | 1.88 mm (1.10 mm) | 0.95 mm-3.78 mm | 63.53% (deviation <2 mm); 85.29% (deviation <3 mm); 93.92% (deviation <4 mm) |
NA | NA |
IQR, interquartile range; NA, not available; SD, standard deviation.