. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 13.

Published in final edited form as: J Perinatol. 2019 Oct 15;40(1):10–24. doi: 10.1038/s41372-019-0510-y

Table 1:

Breakdown of ECHO Pregnancy Cohorts by Environmental Chemical/Pollutant and Social Stressor Measures

			Persistent Chemicals					Non-persistent Chemicals		Metals	Air Pollution
			Perfluorinated compounds ^*	Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ^*	Polychlorinated biphenyls ^*	Organochlorine pesticides ^*	Organophosphorus insecticides ^*	Phenols ^*	Phthalates ^*	Metals or metalloids ^*	PAHs ^*	Indoor/personal air pollution ^**	Outdoor air pollution ^**	Environmental exposures (any)
		Total	9	13	10	8	6	19	16	15	15	16	29	38
Perceived Stressors	Perceived stress scale	12	4	5	3	2	2	5	3	5	2	4	6	10
	Racial discrimination	9	3	2	1	1	1	4	3	3	2	5	6	8
	Economic stress	26	5	5	3	2	5	11	8	6	8	10	15	20
	Psychological Stress	37	7	10	8	7	5	17	15	13	13	15	23	29
	Social networks	15	3	4	3	3	4	7	7	4	6	5	11	13
	Interpersonal violence	20	4	4	4	2	3	6	6	7	7	9	12	14
	Neighborhood violence	18	3	3	2	2	2	7	5	4	5	8	10	12
	Stressful life events	19	2	3	2	1	4	5	6	4	6	6	12	14
	Stress biomarkers ^†	17	4	3	2	2	3	6	6	5	6	7	10	11
Place-based Stressors	Residential location ^‡	50	8	12	9	7	6	18	15	14	14	16	27	35
Place-based Stressors	Built environment ^§	9	2	3	2	1	2	5	4	4	3	4	5	8
	*Stressors (any)*	60	9	13	10	8	6	19	16	15	15	16	29	38

NOTE: Based on 80 cohorts with both gestational age and birth weight data; measures are for mother during prenatal life stage unless otherwise noted

Assay already run + biospecimen banked (extant) to run assay in future

^**

Measured/ estimated or planned

^†

Any stress biomarker, Corticotropin-releasing hormone, Cortisol adrenocorticotropic hormone, Telomere length; Based on assays in mother’s prenatal or infant lifestage AND child’s infant lifestage

^‡

Address, geocoded address, zip code, census track, residential history

^§

Food-related environment, activity-related environment, proximity to alcohol/tobacco