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. 2020 Jan 13;10:157. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-57011-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Expression of GDF5 and upstream regulators in human OA cartilage. Gene expression data were obtained by mining a previously published microarray comparing normal versus OA human knee cartilage³³. (A) Gdf5 expression was higher in OA cartilage compared to normal cartilage. Linear modelling (limma) with Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons. ****p < 0.0001. (B) Principal component analysis including the genes indicated showed complete separation of the normal samples from the OA samples. PCA was performed with the prcomp function in R. (C) Linear regression modelling showed GDF5 expression to strongly correlate with the expression of SOX11 (left) and WNT9a (right). (D) IHC staining for GDF5 in articular cartilage samples from patients with OA (n = 5 donors) in comparison to normal cartilage (n = 3 donors; 5 joints). Scale bars, 100 μm. See also Supplementary Fig. 3.