Table 2.
Association of Awareness of Chronic Kidney Disease at Study Enrollment and Patient Demographic and Clinical Covariates
| Univariable analysis | Multivariate analysis* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence ratio (95% CI) | p value | Prevalence ratio (95% CI) | p value | |
| Age | ||||
| < 65 years | Ref | 0.67 | Ref | 0.49 |
| ≥ 65 years | 1.22 (0.49–3.03) | 1.33 (0.59–2.95) | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Female | Ref | 0.66 | Ref | 0.26 |
| Male | 0.80 (0.30–2.72) | 1.57 (0.72–3.41) | ||
| eGFR | ||||
| ≥ 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 | Ref | 0.03 | Ref | 0.02 |
| < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 2.75 (1.09–6.95) | 2.82 (1.18–6.78) | ||
| Highest education attained | ||||
| ≥ High school diploma | Ref | 0.38 | ||
| < High school diploma | 1.52 (0.60–3.81) | |||
| Reading level | ||||
| > 6th grade | Ref | 0.24 | ||
| ≤ 6th grade | 0.58 (0.24–1.42) | |||
| Annual household income | ||||
| > $10,000 | Ref | 0.99 | ||
| ≤ $10,000 | 0.99 (0.37–2.64) | |||
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 30) | ||||
| No | Ref | 0.87 | ||
| Yes | 1.08 (0.43–2.72) | |||
| Blood pressure | ||||
| < 140/90 mmHg | Ref | 0.58 | Ref | 0.72 |
| ≥ 140/90 mmHg | 1.36 (0.45–4.12) | 1.26 (0.35–4.53) | ||
| Diabetes | ||||
| No | Ref | 0.01 | Ref | 0.01 |
| Yes | 0.30 (0.12–0.76) | 0.28 (0.10–0.75) | ||
| Diabetes control (among persons with diabetes) | ||||
| A1c ≤ 7% | Ref | 0.54 | ||
| A1c > 7% | 1.90 (0.24–14.91) | |||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | ||||
| < 3 | Ref | 0.32 | ||
| ≥ 3 | 0.63 (0.26–1.55) | |||
| Patient Activation Measure | ||||
| Levels 1–3 | Ref | 0.62 | ||
| Level 4 | 1.25 (0.52–3.02) | |||
eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, BMI body mass index, CKD chronic kidney disease
*Multivariate analyses adjusted for age, sex, eGFR, blood pressure control, and diabetes