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. 2019 Sep 11;35(1):87–94. doi: 10.1007/s11606-019-05316-9

Table 2.

Changes in Primary and Secondary Outcomes from Baseline. Results Are Calculated After Adjusting for Baseline Age, Gender, Education Status, Marital Status, Body Weight and Diabetes Duration. Mean Differences That Are Negative Are in Favor of Telemonitoring Intervention

Telemonitoring intervention Usual care Differential change from baseline, mean (SD) p value
Mean (95% CI) Reduction from baseline, mean (95% CI) Mean (95% CI) Reduction from baseline, mean (95% CI)
HbA1c (%)
  Baseline 9.00 (8.97–9.03) 9.00 (8.97–9.03)
  Week 12 8.89 (8.80–8.98) − 0.14 (− 0.24 to − 0.04) 8.98 (8.92–9.05) − 0.02 (− 0.10 to 0.07) − 0.12 (− 0.25 to 0.01) 0.074
  Week 24 8.33 (8.29–8.38) − 0.69 (− 0.74 to − 0.65) 8.36 (8.33–8.39) − 0.64 (− 0.67 to − 0.61) − 0.05 (− 0.10 to 0.00) 0.065
  Week 52 8.69 (8.64–8.75) − 0.33 (− 0.37 to − 0.29) 8.70 (8.65–8.74) − 0.30 (− 0.33 to − 0.27) − 0.03 (− 0.07 to 0.02) 0.226
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)
  Baseline 9.52 (9.39–9.65) 9.59 (9.48–9.70)
  Week 4 9.38 (9.14–9.62) − 0.14 (− 0.14 to − 0.08) 9.58 (9.41–9.76) − 0.01 (− 0.13 to 0.10) − 0.13 (− 0.34 to 0.09) 0.227
  Week 12 9.08 (8.95–9.21) − 0.44 (− 0.60 to − 0.29) 9.15 (9.10–9.19) − 0.45 (− 0.54 to − 0.34) 0.01 (− 0.19 to 0.18) 0.899
  Week 24 8.76 (8.57–8.96) − 0.76 (− 0.86 to − 0.65) 8.82 (8.65–9.00) − 0.77 (− 0.85 to − 0.68) 0.01 (− 0.12 to 0.14) 0.882
  Week 52 8.95 (8.78–9.11) − 0.57 (− 0.71 to − 0.44) 9.13 (8.99–9.26) − 0.47 (− 0.59 to − 0.36) − 0.10 (− 0.28 to 0.07) 0.261
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
  Baseline 5.01 (4.96–5.05) 4.98 (4.94–5.02)
  Week 4 5.16 (5.11–5.20) 0.15 (0.10 to 0.20) 5.17 (5.13–5.20) 0.17(0.16 to 0.21) − 0.02 (− 0.09 to 0.02) 0.453
  Week 12 5.21 (5.16–5.26) 0.20 (0.16 to 0.24) 5.21 (5.17–5.26) 0.23 (0.20 to 0.27) − 0.03 (− 0.08 to 0.02) 0.248
  Week 24 4.97 (4.91–5.03) − 0.04 (− 0.07 to − 0.01) 4.98 (4.93–5.03) 0.01 (− 0.03 to 0.03) − 0.05 (− 0.08 to 0.01) 0.033*
  Week 52 5.18 (5.14–5.23) 0.17 (0.13 to 0.22) 5.14 (5.10–5.19) 0.17 (0.13 to 0.20) 0.00 (− 0.05 to 0.06) 0.999
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
  Baseline 1.91 (1.89–1.93) 1.90 (1.88–1.92)
  Week 4 1.84 (1.80–1.87) − 0.07 (− 0.10 to − 0.04) 1.81 (1.79–1.84) − 0.09 (− 0.10 to − 0.07) 0.20 (− 0.01 to 0.05) 0.177
  Week 12 2.02 (1.97–2.06) 0.11 (0.07 to 0.16) 1.98 (1.95–2.01) 0.08 (0.06 to 0.12) 0.03 (− 0.03 to 0.08) 0.293
  Week 24 2.00 (1.97–2.03) 0.09 (0.07 to 0.12) 1.98 (1.96–2.00) 0.08 (0.07 to 0.10) 0.01 (− 0.02 to 0.04) 0.521
  Week 52 1.82 (1.79–1.86) − 0.08 (− 0.11 to − 0.05) 1.79 (1.77–1.81) − 0.11 (− 0.11 to − 0.10) 0.03 (− 0.01 to 0.05) 0.062
High-density lipoprotein (mmol/L)
  Baseline 1.25 (1.22–1.28) 1.26 (1.23–1.28)
  Week 4 1.30 (1.28–1.32) 0.05 (0.03 to 0.07) 1.30 (1.28–1.32) 0.04 (0.03 to 0.06) 0.01 (− 0.02 to 0.03) 0.372
  Week 12 1.25 (1.24–1.27) − 0.001 (− 0.02 to 0.02) 1.26 (1.24–1.27) 0.00 (− 0.01 to 0.01) 0.00 (− 0.03 to 0.03) 0.944
  Week 24 1.25 (1.23–1.27) 0.00 (− 0.02 to 0.01) 1.26 (1.24–1.28) 0.00 (− 0.01 to 0.01) 0.00 (− 0.02 to 0.02) 0.999
  Week 52 1.21 (1.19–1.23) − 0.04 (− 0.06 to − 0.02) 1.20 (1.18–1.22) − 0.06 (− 0.07 to − 0.04) 0.02 (− 0.01 to 0.04) 0.125
Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/L)
  Baseline 2.88 (2.88–2.87) 2.85 (2.82–2.88)
  Week 4 3.00 (2.97–3.03) 0.12 (0.09 to 0.16) 2.98 (2.95–3.02) 0.13 (0.11 to 0.16) − 0.01 (− 0.06 to 0.01) 0.619
  Week 12 3.04 (3.01–3.07) 0.16 (0.14 to 0.19) 3.04 (3.02–3.06) 0.19 (0.17 to 0.22) − 0.03 (− 0.06 to 0.01) 0.099
  Week 24 2.91 (2.87–2.95) 0.03 (0.01 to 0.06) 2.90 (2.87–2.94) 0.05 (0.03 to 0.07) − 0.02 (− 0.05 to 0.01) 0.201
  Week 52 3.07 (3.03–3.11) 0.19 (0.14 to 0.24) 3.03 (2.99–3.07) 0.18 (0.14 to 0.23) 0.01 (− 0.05 to 0.07) 0.758
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
  Baseline 134.8 (134.3–135.4) 134.8 (134.3–135.3)
  Week 4 136.0 (135.4–136.6) 1.16 (0.59 to 1.74) 135.9 (135.4–136.4) 1.09 (0.57 to 1.63) 0.07 (− 0.71 to 0.84) 0.859
  Week 12 133.8 (133.3–134.4) − 1.00 (− 1.49 to − 0.52) 134.1 (133.6–134.6) − 0.71 (− 1.15 to − 0.31) − 0.29 (− 0.92 to 0.37) 0.377
  Week 24 135.1 (134.4–135.9) 0.29 (− 0.16 to 0.74) 135.4 (134.7–136.0) 0.56 (0.12 to 0.93) − 0.27 (− 0.84 to 0.37) 0.377
  Week 52 135.1 (134.5–135.8) 0.31 (− 0.12 to 0.74) 135.7 (135.2–136.2) 0.90 (0.49 to 1.24) − 0.59 (− 1.12 to 0.01) 0.041*
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
  Baseline 78.8 (78.2–79.4) 78.7 (78.1–79.3)
  Week 4 81.6 (81.1–82.1) 2.82 (2.08 to 3.54) 81.8 (81.8–81.4) 3.13 (2.39 to 3.85) − 0.31 (− 1.33 to 0.72) 0.554
  Week 12 80.4 (79.8–80.9) 1.56 (0.95 to 2.17) 80.5 (80.1–80.9) 1.82 (1.23 to 2.39) − 0.26 (− 1.08 to 0.58) 0.541
  Week 24 80.7 (80.3–81.2) 1.91 (1.21 to 2.61) 81.3 (80.9–81.7) 2.60 (1.83 to 3.26) − 0.69 (− 1.63 to 0.36) 0.172
  Week 52 81.3 (80.8–81.9) 2.54 (1.95 to 3.13) 81.8 (81.3–82.2) 3.10 (2.46 to 3.66) − 0.56 (− 1.36 to 0.32) 0.189
Diabetes Knowledge Test
  Baseline 40.29 (39.57–41.01) 41.49 (40.79–42.19)
  Week 24 52.45 (51.93–52.96) 12.16 (4.97) 52.77 (52.32–53.21) 11.27 (4.90) − 0.32 (0.34) 0.352
Problem Area in Diabetes
  Baseline 49.08 (48.58–49.57) 48.99 (48.54–49.44)
  Week 24 43.35 (42.89–43.81) − 5.73 (5.16) 43.19 (42.81–43.57) − 5.80 (4.53) 0.16 (0.30) 0.597
EuroQol-5D
  Baseline 0.932 (0.928–0.936) 0.935 (0.932–0.938)
  Week 24 0.891 (0.889–0.893) − 0.041 (0.023) 0.889 (0.887–0.890) − 0.047 (0.018) 0.002 (0.001) 0.089
Self-efficacy scale
  Baseline 4.39 (4.37–4.41) 4.40 (4.38–4.42)
  Week 24 4.68 (4.63–4.74) 0.29 (0.29) 4.70 (4.65–4.74) 0.30 (0.24) − 0.02 (0.03) 0.562

Higher scores of diabetes knowledge test represent better knowledge

Higher scores of Problem Area in Diabetes scores are indicative of greater emotional distress

Higher scores of EuroQol-5D are indicative of better quality of life

Higher scores of self-efficacy scales indicate higher self-efficacy

*p value < 0.05