Table 2.
Changes in Primary and Secondary Outcomes from Baseline. Results Are Calculated After Adjusting for Baseline Age, Gender, Education Status, Marital Status, Body Weight and Diabetes Duration. Mean Differences That Are Negative Are in Favor of Telemonitoring Intervention
| Telemonitoring intervention | Usual care | Differential change from baseline, mean (SD) | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (95% CI) | Reduction from baseline, mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Reduction from baseline, mean (95% CI) | |||
| HbA1c (%) | ||||||
| Baseline | 9.00 (8.97–9.03) | – | 9.00 (8.97–9.03) | – | – | – |
| Week 12 | 8.89 (8.80–8.98) | − 0.14 (− 0.24 to − 0.04) | 8.98 (8.92–9.05) | − 0.02 (− 0.10 to 0.07) | − 0.12 (− 0.25 to 0.01) | 0.074 |
| Week 24 | 8.33 (8.29–8.38) | − 0.69 (− 0.74 to − 0.65) | 8.36 (8.33–8.39) | − 0.64 (− 0.67 to − 0.61) | − 0.05 (− 0.10 to 0.00) | 0.065 |
| Week 52 | 8.69 (8.64–8.75) | − 0.33 (− 0.37 to − 0.29) | 8.70 (8.65–8.74) | − 0.30 (− 0.33 to − 0.27) | − 0.03 (− 0.07 to 0.02) | 0.226 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | ||||||
| Baseline | 9.52 (9.39–9.65) | 9.59 (9.48–9.70) | ||||
| Week 4 | 9.38 (9.14–9.62) | − 0.14 (− 0.14 to − 0.08) | 9.58 (9.41–9.76) | − 0.01 (− 0.13 to 0.10) | − 0.13 (− 0.34 to 0.09) | 0.227 |
| Week 12 | 9.08 (8.95–9.21) | − 0.44 (− 0.60 to − 0.29) | 9.15 (9.10–9.19) | − 0.45 (− 0.54 to − 0.34) | 0.01 (− 0.19 to 0.18) | 0.899 |
| Week 24 | 8.76 (8.57–8.96) | − 0.76 (− 0.86 to − 0.65) | 8.82 (8.65–9.00) | − 0.77 (− 0.85 to − 0.68) | 0.01 (− 0.12 to 0.14) | 0.882 |
| Week 52 | 8.95 (8.78–9.11) | − 0.57 (− 0.71 to − 0.44) | 9.13 (8.99–9.26) | − 0.47 (− 0.59 to − 0.36) | − 0.10 (− 0.28 to 0.07) | 0.261 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | ||||||
| Baseline | 5.01 (4.96–5.05) | 4.98 (4.94–5.02) | ||||
| Week 4 | 5.16 (5.11–5.20) | 0.15 (0.10 to 0.20) | 5.17 (5.13–5.20) | 0.17(0.16 to 0.21) | − 0.02 (− 0.09 to 0.02) | 0.453 |
| Week 12 | 5.21 (5.16–5.26) | 0.20 (0.16 to 0.24) | 5.21 (5.17–5.26) | 0.23 (0.20 to 0.27) | − 0.03 (− 0.08 to 0.02) | 0.248 |
| Week 24 | 4.97 (4.91–5.03) | − 0.04 (− 0.07 to − 0.01) | 4.98 (4.93–5.03) | 0.01 (− 0.03 to 0.03) | − 0.05 (− 0.08 to 0.01) | 0.033* |
| Week 52 | 5.18 (5.14–5.23) | 0.17 (0.13 to 0.22) | 5.14 (5.10–5.19) | 0.17 (0.13 to 0.20) | 0.00 (− 0.05 to 0.06) | 0.999 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | ||||||
| Baseline | 1.91 (1.89–1.93) | 1.90 (1.88–1.92) | ||||
| Week 4 | 1.84 (1.80–1.87) | − 0.07 (− 0.10 to − 0.04) | 1.81 (1.79–1.84) | − 0.09 (− 0.10 to − 0.07) | 0.20 (− 0.01 to 0.05) | 0.177 |
| Week 12 | 2.02 (1.97–2.06) | 0.11 (0.07 to 0.16) | 1.98 (1.95–2.01) | 0.08 (0.06 to 0.12) | 0.03 (− 0.03 to 0.08) | 0.293 |
| Week 24 | 2.00 (1.97–2.03) | 0.09 (0.07 to 0.12) | 1.98 (1.96–2.00) | 0.08 (0.07 to 0.10) | 0.01 (− 0.02 to 0.04) | 0.521 |
| Week 52 | 1.82 (1.79–1.86) | − 0.08 (− 0.11 to − 0.05) | 1.79 (1.77–1.81) | − 0.11 (− 0.11 to − 0.10) | 0.03 (− 0.01 to 0.05) | 0.062 |
| High-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | ||||||
| Baseline | 1.25 (1.22–1.28) | 1.26 (1.23–1.28) | ||||
| Week 4 | 1.30 (1.28–1.32) | 0.05 (0.03 to 0.07) | 1.30 (1.28–1.32) | 0.04 (0.03 to 0.06) | 0.01 (− 0.02 to 0.03) | 0.372 |
| Week 12 | 1.25 (1.24–1.27) | − 0.001 (− 0.02 to 0.02) | 1.26 (1.24–1.27) | 0.00 (− 0.01 to 0.01) | 0.00 (− 0.03 to 0.03) | 0.944 |
| Week 24 | 1.25 (1.23–1.27) | 0.00 (− 0.02 to 0.01) | 1.26 (1.24–1.28) | 0.00 (− 0.01 to 0.01) | 0.00 (− 0.02 to 0.02) | 0.999 |
| Week 52 | 1.21 (1.19–1.23) | − 0.04 (− 0.06 to − 0.02) | 1.20 (1.18–1.22) | − 0.06 (− 0.07 to − 0.04) | 0.02 (− 0.01 to 0.04) | 0.125 |
| Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | ||||||
| Baseline | 2.88 (2.88–2.87) | 2.85 (2.82–2.88) | ||||
| Week 4 | 3.00 (2.97–3.03) | 0.12 (0.09 to 0.16) | 2.98 (2.95–3.02) | 0.13 (0.11 to 0.16) | − 0.01 (− 0.06 to 0.01) | 0.619 |
| Week 12 | 3.04 (3.01–3.07) | 0.16 (0.14 to 0.19) | 3.04 (3.02–3.06) | 0.19 (0.17 to 0.22) | − 0.03 (− 0.06 to 0.01) | 0.099 |
| Week 24 | 2.91 (2.87–2.95) | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.06) | 2.90 (2.87–2.94) | 0.05 (0.03 to 0.07) | − 0.02 (− 0.05 to 0.01) | 0.201 |
| Week 52 | 3.07 (3.03–3.11) | 0.19 (0.14 to 0.24) | 3.03 (2.99–3.07) | 0.18 (0.14 to 0.23) | 0.01 (− 0.05 to 0.07) | 0.758 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||
| Baseline | 134.8 (134.3–135.4) | 134.8 (134.3–135.3) | ||||
| Week 4 | 136.0 (135.4–136.6) | 1.16 (0.59 to 1.74) | 135.9 (135.4–136.4) | 1.09 (0.57 to 1.63) | 0.07 (− 0.71 to 0.84) | 0.859 |
| Week 12 | 133.8 (133.3–134.4) | − 1.00 (− 1.49 to − 0.52) | 134.1 (133.6–134.6) | − 0.71 (− 1.15 to − 0.31) | − 0.29 (− 0.92 to 0.37) | 0.377 |
| Week 24 | 135.1 (134.4–135.9) | 0.29 (− 0.16 to 0.74) | 135.4 (134.7–136.0) | 0.56 (0.12 to 0.93) | − 0.27 (− 0.84 to 0.37) | 0.377 |
| Week 52 | 135.1 (134.5–135.8) | 0.31 (− 0.12 to 0.74) | 135.7 (135.2–136.2) | 0.90 (0.49 to 1.24) | − 0.59 (− 1.12 to 0.01) | 0.041* |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||
| Baseline | 78.8 (78.2–79.4) | 78.7 (78.1–79.3) | ||||
| Week 4 | 81.6 (81.1–82.1) | 2.82 (2.08 to 3.54) | 81.8 (81.8–81.4) | 3.13 (2.39 to 3.85) | − 0.31 (− 1.33 to 0.72) | 0.554 |
| Week 12 | 80.4 (79.8–80.9) | 1.56 (0.95 to 2.17) | 80.5 (80.1–80.9) | 1.82 (1.23 to 2.39) | − 0.26 (− 1.08 to 0.58) | 0.541 |
| Week 24 | 80.7 (80.3–81.2) | 1.91 (1.21 to 2.61) | 81.3 (80.9–81.7) | 2.60 (1.83 to 3.26) | − 0.69 (− 1.63 to 0.36) | 0.172 |
| Week 52 | 81.3 (80.8–81.9) | 2.54 (1.95 to 3.13) | 81.8 (81.3–82.2) | 3.10 (2.46 to 3.66) | − 0.56 (− 1.36 to 0.32) | 0.189 |
| Diabetes Knowledge Test | ||||||
| Baseline | 40.29 (39.57–41.01) | 41.49 (40.79–42.19) | ||||
| Week 24 | 52.45 (51.93–52.96) | 12.16 (4.97) | 52.77 (52.32–53.21) | 11.27 (4.90) | − 0.32 (0.34) | 0.352 |
| Problem Area in Diabetes | ||||||
| Baseline | 49.08 (48.58–49.57) | 48.99 (48.54–49.44) | ||||
| Week 24 | 43.35 (42.89–43.81) | − 5.73 (5.16) | 43.19 (42.81–43.57) | − 5.80 (4.53) | 0.16 (0.30) | 0.597 |
| EuroQol-5D | ||||||
| Baseline | 0.932 (0.928–0.936) | 0.935 (0.932–0.938) | ||||
| Week 24 | 0.891 (0.889–0.893) | − 0.041 (0.023) | 0.889 (0.887–0.890) | − 0.047 (0.018) | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.089 |
| Self-efficacy scale | ||||||
| Baseline | 4.39 (4.37–4.41) | 4.40 (4.38–4.42) | ||||
| Week 24 | 4.68 (4.63–4.74) | 0.29 (0.29) | 4.70 (4.65–4.74) | 0.30 (0.24) | − 0.02 (0.03) | 0.562 |
Higher scores of diabetes knowledge test represent better knowledge
Higher scores of Problem Area in Diabetes scores are indicative of greater emotional distress
Higher scores of EuroQol-5D are indicative of better quality of life
Higher scores of self-efficacy scales indicate higher self-efficacy
*p value < 0.05