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. 2019 Oct 23;9(2):239–255. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.10.006

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© 2020 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Bacteria penetrate the inner mucus layer in NKCC1^WT/DFXand NKCC1^DFX/DFXmice. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using the general bacterial probe EUB338-Cy3 (red) on (A) NKCC1^WT/WT, (B) NKCC1^WT/DFX, and (C) NKCC1^DFX^/DFX mouse colon sections. (D–F) The micrographs were counterstained with UEA-1 lectin (green) (n = 3 mice per group, 10–20 micrographs per mouse section). Scale bars: 20 μm. (G) Average number of bacteria per field in NKCC1^WT/WT, NKCC1^WT/DFX, and NKCC1^DFX/DFX mouse colon sections (n = 3 mice per genotype, 8–12 micrographs per mouse section were counted). *P < .01, ***P < .001, and ****P < .0001; 1-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey posttests. (H–J) Electron micrographs of extensively washed colon from NKCC1^WT/WT, NKCC1^WT/DFX, and NKCC1^DFX/DFX mice show bacteria (indicated by + signs) near the epithelium in mutant mice. Scale bars: 2 μm.