Table 2.

Screening of phytochemical constituents of L. shawii leaf extracts.

Phytochemical constituents	Solvent extract				Test or reagent used	Observed color	Uses	Mechanism of action	References
	Aqueous	Methanol	Ethanol	Ethyl acetate
Alkaloids	ND	+	+	ND	Wagner	Pale yellow	Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic	Intercalate into DNA and uncouple respiration	34
Flavonoids	+	+	+	+	AlCl3	Yellow	Antimicrobial, diuretic	Metal chelating, cell wall complexation, adhesion binding	35
Phenolics	+	+	+	+	AlCl3	Yellow	Antimicrobial, wound dressing	Membrane infraction	35
Tannins	ND	+	+	+	Braemers	Dark blue	Antimicrobial, wound dressing, anti-inflammatory, preventing ulcer development	Enzyme inactivation, cell wall complexation, adhesion binding, membrane disruption, substrate deprivation	34
Saponins	ND	ND	ND	ND		ND	–	–
Glycosides	ND	+	ND	+	H2SO4	Dark brown	Lower blood pressure	NA
Terpenoids	ND	+	+	+	Salkowaski	Red	Antimicrobial	Membrane disruption, prohibition of ATase actuality	35
Steroids	ND	+	+	ND	Salkowaski	Red	Antihypertensive effect on blood pressure, serum analysis of hypertensive patient	NA
Coumarins	ND	ND	ND	ND		ND	–	–

ND, Not Detected; NA, Not Available; +, present; -, absent; AlCl₃, aluminum trichloride; H₂SO₄, sulfuric acid.