Table 5.
Antimicrobial activity of four extracts from L. shawii leaves.
| Strain number | Extract | DIZ (mm) |
MIC (μgmL−1) | MBC (μgmL−1) | MFC (μgmL−1) | DRPs | Resistance type | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Concentration of L. shawii leaf extract (mgmL−1) | ||||||||||||
| 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | ||||||||
| PA-09 | ANOVA | AQ | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 10.5 ± 0.1 | 13.7 ± 0.1 | 15.5 ± 0.1 | 15.9 ± 0.06 | 32 | 64 | ND | AX, CAZ, FEP, ATM, CRO, IPM, CIP, SXT, C, CN, TOB, K, CT1 | MDR |
| ME | 10.5 ± 0.1 | 14.6 ± 0.1 | 20.1 ± 0.1 | 25.3 ± 0.06 | 28.3 ± 0.1 | 4 | 8 | ND | ||||
| ET | 8.7 ± 0.06 | 11.9 ± 0.1 | 14.7 ± 0.06 | 18.5 ± 0.06 | 20.00 ± 0.00 | 8 | 16 | ND | ||||
| EA | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 9.3 ± 0.06 | 13.03 ± 0.06 | 16.9 ± 0.06 | 22.8 ± 0.15 | 16 | 32 | ND | ||||
| F | 22353.867 | 1888.800 | 4667.458 | 6725.733 | 8039.639 | |||||||
| P-value | *0.00 | *0.00 | *0.00 | *0.00 | *0.00 | |||||||
| SA-17 | ANOVA | AQ | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 9.3 ± 0.06 | 12.0 ± 0.0 | 16.1 ± 0.06 | 19.3 ± 0.1 | 16 | 32 | ND | AX, PIP, AMC, TZP, CTX, CRO, FEP, CFP, IMP, ATM, NA, CIP, CN, AK, K, SXT, TE, C, VA2 | PDR |
| ME | 13.2 ± 0.06 | 18.0 ± 0.0 | 23.5 ± 0.06 | 30.3 ± 0.1 | 34.9 ± 0.06 | 2 | 4 | ND | ||||
| ET | 8.03 ± 0.06 | 10.6 ± 0.1 | 13.8 ± 0.1 | 19.0 ± 0.0 | 22.1 ± 0.1 | 8 | 16 | ND | ||||
| EA | 7.9 ± 0.06 | 11.03 ± 0.06 | 15.4 ± 0.1 | 19.7 ± 0.06 | 23.03 ± 0.06 | 8 | 16 | ND | ||||
| F | 35458.222 | 11079.133 | 8399.848 | 15564.296 | 13282.333 | |||||||
| P-value | *0.00 | *0.00 | *0.00 | *0.00 | *0.00 | |||||||
| CA-11 | ANOVA | AQ | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 10.03 ± 0.06 | 12.5 ± 0.06 | 15.0 ± 0.0 | 16 | ND | 64 | AMB, ITC, CLT, MIZ, FLC, MCFG, NYT, TRB9 | PDR |
| ME | 8.03 ± 0.06 | 15.03 ± 0.06 | 28.4 ± 0.06 | 40.00 ± 0.0 | 50.8 ± 0.06 | 4 | ND | 8 | ||||
| ET | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 9.1 ± 0.06 | 15.2 ± 0.06 | 21.5 ± 0.06 | 24.7 ± 0.1 | 8 | ND | 8 | ||||
| EA | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 11.00 ± 0.00 | 18.23 ± 0.06 | 22.77 ± 0.12 | 8 | ND | 16 | ||||
| F | 58081.000 | 48962.000 | 86313.222 | 169443.889 | 109232.458 | |||||||
| P-value | *0.00 | *0.00 | *0.00 | *0.00 | *0.00 | |||||||
| AN-05 | ANOVA | AQ | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 9.2 ± 0.2 | 10.6 ± 0.1 | 32 | ND | 64 | AMB, ITC, CLT, MIZ, FLC, TRB1 | MDR |
| ME | 10.0 ± 0.0 | 22.1 ± 0.1 | 36.7 ± 0.06 | 49.4 ± 0.1 | 54.0 ± 0.0 | 8 | ND | 16 | ||||
| ET | 8.0 ± 0.0 | 22.2 ± 19.05 | 20.0 ± 0.0 | 32.03 ± 0.06 | 34.1 ± 0.06 | 16 | ND | 16 | ||||
| EA | 8.03 ± 0.06 | 11.6 ± 0.1 | 24.6 ± 0.2 | 35.8 ± 0.1 | 39.5 ± 0.06 | 16 | ND | 32 | ||||
| F | 70921.000 | 3.690 | 84086.400 | 32355.226 | 195569.944 | |||||||
| P-value | *0.00 | *0.00 | *0.00 | *0.00 | *0.00 | |||||||
PA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; SA, Staphylococcus aureus; CA, Candida albicans; AN: Aspergillus niger; AQ, Aqueous; ME, Methanol; ET, Ethanol; EA, Ethyl Acetate; MIC, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; MBC, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration; MFC, Minimum Fungicidal Concentration; DRPs, Drug-Resistance Patterns; MDR, Multi-Drug Resistance; PDR, Pan-Drug Resistance; AX, amoxicillin; CAZ, ceftazidime; FEP, cefepime; ATM, aztreonam, CRO, ceftriaxone; IMP, imipenem; CIP, ciprofloxacin; SXT, cotrimoxazole; C, chloramphenicol; CN, gentamicin; TOB, tobramycin; K, kanamycin; CT, colistin sulfate; PIP, piperacillin; AMC, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; TZP, pipracillin/tazobactam; CTX, cefotaxime; CFP, cefoperazone; NA, nalidixic acid; AK, amikacin; TE, tetracycline; VA, vancomycin; AMB, amphotericin; FLC, fluconazole; ITC, itraconazole; CLT, clotrimazole; MIZ, miconazole; MCFG, micfungin; NYT, nystatin; TRB, terbinafine; ND, Not Detected; ∗P-value ≤ 0.05 is significant.