Table 2.

Association between VM and expression of ALDH1, Beclin1, p16, and clinicopathological characteristics of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)

Variables	VM		P	ALDH1		P	Beclin1		P	P16		P
	-	+		-	+		-	+		-	+
Age (year)			0.952			0.933			0.871			0.716
<60	48	28		32	44		32	44		52	24
≥60	69	41		47	63		45	65		78	32
Gender			0.177			0.213			0.130			0.920
Male	61	43		40	64		38	66		73	31
Female	56	26		39	43		39	43		57	25
Smoking			0.799			0.796			0.988			0.006
No	48	27		31	44		31	44		44	31
Yes	69	42		48	63		46	65		86	25
Alcohol			0.878			0.358			0.602			0.017
No	42	24		31	35		29	37		39	27
Yes	75	45		48	72		48	72		91	29
Location			0.733			0.468			0.696			0.201
Tongue	48	22		34	36		29	41		48	22
Gingiva	21	15		10	26		15	21		30	6
Oral floor	19	9		12	16		15	13		15	13
Jaw	14	11		11	14		8	17		19	6
Buccal mucosa	8	7		6	9		5	10		10	5
Others	7	5		6	6		5	7		8	4
Grade			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001
Well	69	15		54	30		53	31		45	39
Moderate	40	34		24	50		19	55		59	15
Poor	8	20		1	27		5	23		26	2
Primary tumor			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001
T1	74	16		66	24		56	34		46	44
T2	34	22		10	46		18	38		49	7
T3	8	18		3	23		1	25		22	4
T4a	1	13		0	14		2	12		13	1
LNM			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001
N0	110	25		75	60		73	62		83	52
N1	6	31		4	33		2	35		34	3
N2	1	13		0	14		2	12		13	1
TNM stage			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001
I	74	8		65	17		56	26		38	44
II	35	13		10	38		17	31		41	7
III	7	32		4	35		2	37		35	4
IVA	1	16		0	17		2	15		16	1