Table 1.

Advantages and disadvantages of different pharmacist care models.

Care Model	Advantages	Disadvantages
Pharmacist with physician oversight	Autonomy in clinical decision making. Efficient model for optimizing medication management using evidence-based guidelines. Improves public recognition of advanced pharmacist provider roles.	Can only be applied to patients with established diagnosis who mainly require optimization of medications. Complex patients requiring additional diagnostic testing may not be appropriate. Pharmacist may feel a disconnect from physician collaborator. Dependent on referrals from physician collaborators. Low reimbursement on visits in the United States.
Interprofessional	Best suited for complex disease states or patients with numerous comorbidities. Patient convenience-comprehensive care delivered in one single office visit. Greater ability to achieve target clinical outcomes with multi-prong management (e.g., lifestyle modification, medications, social interventions) Higher reimbursement since physician provider bills for visits.	Requires greater coordination of team members during visits to ensure efficiency. Less time for each health professional to spend with patient. Longer visit duration for patients. Longer visits may result in lower patient volumes. Interprofessional team is resource intensive.
Pharmacist-Physician Team	Can manage established and newly diagnosed patients who may require additional diagnostic testing. Enhances care provided in physician only visits due to optimization of drug therapy. Easier to coordinate team members. Higher reimbursement since physician provider bills for visits.	Less pharmacist autonomy Longer visits Dependent on referrals for patient volume.